Paediatric Haematology

Question 1

how old is a neonate

Answer 1

0-28 days

Question 2

how old is an infant

Answer 2

1 -12 months

Question 3

what is the age range of children in medicine

Answer 3

1 -12 years

Question 4

when do we first start to make blood cells and where.

Answer 4

day 18 in the yolk sac

Question 5

after the initial making of blood in the foetus, where is blood made

Answer 5

liver

Question 6

where is bone marrow?

Answer 6

ribs
long bone
vertebrae
sternum

Question 7

what is the function of RBCs

Answer 7

to carry oxygen so that cells can function

Question 8

what occurs in the chromosomes to make haemoglobin

Answer 8

In the alpha chain on chromosome 16 and there are two pairs of genes.
on the alpha chain, the zeta turns onto the alpha
on the b chain turns from episilon, tto gamma, , to beta, to delta.

when two Zetas and 2 Episilon, it creates gamma 1

when two alphas and 2 episilon, it creates gamma 2

when two alphas and two gammas, makes fetal Hb

two Zetas and two gammas can create portland 1

two zetas and two betas can create portland 2

2 alphas and 2 betas create adult Hb

Question 9

AT birth how much Fetal Hb is present?

Answer 9

1%

Question 10

what are the differences between fetal RBCs and adult RBCs

Answer 10

they have different Hb
there are lots more RBCs in foetus’
in Foetus’ they make epo which triggers babies to make more RBC
at birth, babies have increased Haemocrit
in babies they have increased reticulocytes and increased new red blood cells
red blood cells in foetus’ are bigger than in adults

Question 11

what are the two types of WBC

Answer 11

myeloid and lymphoid

Question 12

what are some differences in babies myeloid WBC compared to adults?

Answer 12

there is an increased amount of neutrophils in babies

babies/neonates are susceptible to neutopenia which is a sign of sepsis.

Question 13

At what week do babies have normal amoubnt of platelets

Answer 13

20 weeks

Question 14

tell me about the causes of acquired anaemia in childhood

Answer 14

physiological
trauma
tumour
iatrogenic

Question 15

what is the number one cause of anaemia in childhood?

Answer 15

diet (nutrition ) causing iron deficiency, that can affect child health and growth

Question 16

what is the pathology behind childhood anaemia

Answer 16

Not good at making it

a. at all
- this may be due to nutritional or bone marrow functions
b. haemoglobinopathy

good at making it but

a. losing it
- bleed
b. breaking it down
- leukolysis

Question 17

globally how many women and children are affected by anaemia

Answer 17

300,000

Question 18

what gene causes sickle cell?

Answer 18

the alpha chain on chromosome 16

Question 19

what % of population of the world has the gene for thalassaemia and sickle cell?

Answer 19

5% but in some parts of the world has 25%

Question 20

when was sickle cell first discovered?

Answer 20

1910 and in 1922 they had gathered enough cases to call it sickle cell

Question 21

when was sickle cell treatment was first available, discovered?

Answer 21

1995 - HCU, a cancer drug was found to improve life of sickle cell pts.
1996, SCT was available

Question 22

what are the causes of bleeding and bruising in children

Answer 22

accidents
non-accidental incident
immature- physiological
congenital
itp, transient reduction in platelets because it kills own platelet cells when fighting infection
undeveloped body, low vitamin k dependent factors

Question 23

what is dic

Answer 23

whole clotting cascade has been turned on due to traumatic event including, dead twin in the womb etc