Paediatric Global Health Flashcards
Infant Mortality Rate
Probability of a child born in a specific year or period dying before reaching the age of 1
What are the top 5 causes of user 5 mortality globally?
1) Pre-term complications
2) Pneumonia
3) Intrapartum-related (labour) complications
4) Diarrhoea
5) Congenital abnormalities
What are the 4 main global risk factors for pneumonia?
1) Malnutrition
2) Over-crowding
3) Indoor air pollution
4) Parental smoking
What 3 things can help prevent pneumonia?
1) Vaccinations
2) Breastfeeding then complementary nutrition
3) Good hygiene
What 3 things can help prevent diarrhoea?
1) Safe drinking water and good hygiene
2) Breastfeeding and good nutrition
3) Vaccination (rotovirus)
What is the treatment of diarrhoea?
Oral rehydration solution (ORS) and zinc supplements
According to WHO, what are the six solutions to the most preventable causes of under 5’s deaths?
1) Immediate and exclusive breastfeeding
2) Skilled attendants for antenatal, birth, and postnatal care
3) Access to nutrition and micronutrients
4) Family knowledge of danger signs in a child’s health
5) Water, sanitation, and hygiene
6) Immunizations
How can HIV be transmitted between mother and baby?
During pregnancy, delivery or breastfeeding
How can infant HIV be prevented?
- Maternal lifelong antiretroviral treatment
- Screen for and treat other STDs, especially herpes
- Infant prophylaxis for 6 weeks or throughout breastfeeding
What diagnostic tests are used for HIV (according to age)?
<18 months of age: virological PCR for HIV DNA or RNA (Before 18months the baby might still have the mother’s antibodies)
>18 months: serological rapid antibody test
What is the treatment for HIV, especially in children?
Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART): Two NRTIs plus one NNRTI or protease inhibitor
Why should any TB be treatment be started before HIV treatment?
Because Immune reconsitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) might occur, where the immune system essentially reboots and any latent disease may crop up
How can TB be prevented?
BCG vaccine
What is malaria?
Plasmodium parasite from female anopheles mosquito
What is the treatment for malaria?
Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for 3 days. Severe malaria treat with IM or IV artesunate until can tolerate oral.
What is the treatment for malnutrition?
- Investigate cause
- Vitamin A
- De-worm
- Ready to use therapeutc food (RUTF) – peanut butter, dried milk, vitamins & minerals
- Make sure vaccinated
- Avoid excess fluids too early
