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1 ENT > Paediatric ENT > Flashcards

Paediatric ENT Flashcards

1
Q

Airway problems in children?

A

inhaled foreign body
subglottic stenosis
RRP- recurrent respiratory papillomatous disease

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2
Q

ENT investigation?

A

nasoendoscopy in stable patients

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3
Q

What does obligate nasal breathing mean?

A

0-6 months mechanism for breathing

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4
Q

Name a condition which would impact obligate nasal breathing?

A

choanal atresia

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5
Q

Cause of stertor?

A

Micronathia- small jaw- pio raban sequence??
enlarged tonsils and adenoids

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6
Q

Name a paediatric airway condition that can cause apnoea?

A

enlarged tonsils + adenoids

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7
Q

What is the most common cause of stridor in children?

A

laryngomalacia

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8
Q

Differentials for stridor?

A

webs
cysts
clefts
vocal cord paralysis
subglottic stenosis
tracheal stenosis
foreign bodies

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9
Q

What is tracheomalacia?

A

?

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10
Q

What is the grading for airway stenosis?

A

Cotton-Myer grading

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11
Q

Stertor?

A

Above larynx- upper airway

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12
Q

Stridor?

A

just below larynx

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13
Q

Stertor common cause?

A

adenotonsillar hypertrophy

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14
Q

Midline neck lump most common cause?

A

Thyroglossal duct cyst

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15
Q

Investigation for midline lump?

A

ultrasound

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16
Q

Management of thyroglossal cyst?

A

infection

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17
Q

Are thyroid lumps in children common?

A

rare

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18
Q

Most common malignancy teenagers? neck lumps

A

Lymphoma

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19
Q

Paediatric ENT emergencies?

A

foreign bodies in ears
button battery

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20
Q

How to get rid of insect in ear?

A

drown the bug- syringe with water, oil??

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21
Q

What is the most obvious sign of nasal foreign body?

A

unilateral nasal discharge

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22
Q

How to get foreign body out of nose?

A

Mother’s kiss
crocadile forceps

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23
Q

Is aural or nasal RB more of en emergency?

A

nasal is an emergency due to risk of airway obstruction. Any batter related obstruction is always an emergency

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24
Q

Why are button batteries dangerous?

A

strictures and perforations

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25
Q

What is the collection of arterial vessels in the nose?

A

Little’s area/kesselbach area

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26
Q

Treatment for epistaxis?

A

naseptin
silver nitrate cutery

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27
Q

Causes of epistaxis?

A

coagulopathies
juvenile nasal angiofibroma
idiopathic

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28
Q

What is a fluid bolus in children?

A

10-20ml/kg!!!!!!!

29
Q

Infectious emergencies of the airway?

A

croup
epiglottitis

30
Q

What is the treatment for croup?

A

steroids
adrenaline nebs

31
Q

Why is epiglottitis rare?

A

vaccination of H.influenzae?

32
Q

Airway obstruction management?

A

adrenaline nebs
dexamethasone
oxygen- waft oxygen
secure airway

33
Q

Red swelling in neck of lymph node?

A

infection of lymph node (overreactive lymph node) - abscess or atypical

34
Q

What is trismus?

A

When your jaw muscles become so tight that you can’t open your mouth, you may have a condition known as trismus. Trismus refers to muscle spasms in your temporomandibular joint. Head and neck cancer treatment is the most common reason why people develop trismus.

35
Q

Is quinsy unilateral or bilateral?

A

quinsy= unilateral
tonsillitis= bilateral

36
Q

Signs of deep neck infections?

A

torticolis
trismus
drooling
pyrexial

37
Q

Source of peri-orbital infections?

A

sinusitis
conjunctivitis

38
Q

Evidence of abscess with eye infection?

A

double vision
chemosis
restriction of eye movement

39
Q

First line treatment of acute otitis media antibiotic?

A

amoxicillin
second line augmentin

40
Q

Management of mastoiditis secondary to otitis media?

A

IV antibiotics
surgical drainage

41
Q

What is a sign of mastoiditis?

A

Drooping of ears
Erythema around mastoid process

42
Q

What is the hearing screening test in neonates?

A

universal hearing screening programme

43
Q

Why is it important to test for hearing problems?

A

important for speech

44
Q

First word milestone?

A

1 year

45
Q

How many words ay 2 years?

A

150-300 words, 2-3 word sentences

46
Q

Another term for glue ear?

A

otitis media with effusion= OME

47
Q

Risk factors for OME?

A

parental smoking
siblings with OME
bottle feeding
low socioeconomic groups
acute otitis media
nursery attendance

48
Q

Name two conditions associated with OME

A

cleft palate
down’s syndrome
primary ciliary dyskinesia
craniofacial abnormalities

49
Q

Complications of AOM?

A

facial nerve palsy
mastoiditis

50
Q

external ear abnormalities? /prominent ears

A

microsia
atresia

51
Q

Name a hearing test in children?

A

visual response audiometry
play audiometry
tympanometer
distraction testing 6-9 months

subjective vs objective (e.g. tympanometry), others above are subjective

52
Q

Neonatal hearing screening test in Scotland?

A

Aoutomated brainstem responses ABR

53
Q

Name of pinna abnormality?

A

microtia?

54
Q

What is Chandler Classification used for?

A

orbital cellulitis

55
Q

Which scan do you request for orbital cellulitis?

A

CT head, orbits, sinuses

56
Q

Signs of mastoiditis on examination?

A

post auricular erythematous swelling with pain

57
Q

Which organisms cause acute otitis media?

A

resp epithelial organisms- s pneumoniae and pyogenes, h.influenzae

58
Q

Name one complication of mastoiditis

A

facial nerve palsy
abscess
meningitis

59
Q

Name one initial management for foreign body in nose

A

mother’s kiss
- ask parent to occlude patent nasal passage and breathe into mouth

60
Q

Where do foreign bodies in the throat typically get stuck in children?

A

cricopharyngeus= upper oesphageal sphincter

61
Q

Why do you worry about cervical lymphadenitis?

A

can progress to abscess

62
Q

WHat are the signs of abscess cervical lymphadenitis

A

fluctuant
puss
erythematous
hot

63
Q

Why do children get retropharyngeal abscesses and not adults?

A

associated with inflammation of node of rouviere which disappear after the age of 4

64
Q

Child with retropharyngeal abscess now develops chest pain. What are you worried about?

A

mediastinitis

65
Q

Name one sign on CT of retropharyngeal abscess

A

loss of cervical lordosis
collection of gas
narrowing of airway and deviation

66
Q

Which vaccine has reduced the occurence of epiglottitis?

A

H/ influenzae B
HIB

67
Q

How to manage epiglottitis child?

A

do not touch!!!
manage airway
nebulised adrenaline

68
Q

What is the thumb sign on XR?

A

sign of epiglottitis

1 ENT (9 decks)

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