PAD 4374 MIDTERM Flashcards
Franchise
A terrorism model where independent groups operate under a common brand or ideology. example: al-shaba and al-qaeda
All channel
A terrorism model in which all members know about each other.
Why do drug dealers use chain networks?
A way to maintain secrecy in power
Chain networks
A way to maintain secrecy in power among drug dealers.
Material or logistical supporter
The US government classification of anyone who sends money, either knowingly or unknowingly to terrorist organization
Secondary Victims
Responders and other personnel impacted by the aftermath of an attack.
Hub or star network weakness
If the leader is gone then the whole group disbands.
Dark Network
A network where all players and connections are not known.
Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)
Criteria include being foreign organizations that threaten the security of the US.
Two elements needed for someone to be labeled a ‘terrorist actor’.
Intent and Capability
Day of Retribution
A new language term from incels referring to the hypothetical day of incel revolution.
What was the first nation to prosecute an incel as a terrorist
Canada
Chad Syndrome
A term explaining the genetic predisposition to attractiveness and status.
Black pill
Genetics predetermine one’s Status, women are only attracted to men with superior genes
Religious terrorism
A type of terrorism inspired by religious beliefs. they use violence as a divinely commanded purpose.
State-sponsored terrorism
Terrorism supported by a state, such as Iran and Syria supporting groups like Hamas.
International terrorism
Terrorism that involves actors from one country attacking a foreign country ex.. Mumbai attack, hamas in Israel
Incel
A term that stands for ‘Involuntary celibate’.
Chad
Ideal male form, attract all women, seen to incels as Un-intelligent
Motivation for domestic attack
Includes religious beliefs, feeling marginalized, and feeling superior in your homeland.
Final step in the staircase to terrorism model
Prepared to carry out an attack.
Victim types
Primary, Secondary, Economic, and Global are classifications of victims.
Hashtag banned in 2023
lettertoamerica was banned on TikTok in response to a terrorist manifesto.
Bin Laden’s Letter to America…
Justified the 9/11 attacks based on US support of Israel’s occupation of Palestinian territories.
Al Qaeda translated means?
- “The base”
Al Qaeda Facts
-Formely led by Osama bin Laden
- Has number branches and affilates around the world
- example of a franchise Network
Bright vs Dark network
All players and connections are known vs. all players and connections are unknown.
Criteria for FTO list
Must plan to engage in terrorist acts and have a history of committing terrorist acts.
Iran, North korea, Syria, Cuba
The four countries on the Foreign Terrorist Organization list that cannot move economically forwards because they are shut off from the global market
Aum Shinrikyo cult
Japense cult that practiced a mix of Christianity and Yoga and inspired attacks on busy train stations.
Who usually turns terrorists in?
Family.
What determines the type of attack?
The goal, home country, and target.
Original leader of the Muslim Brotherhood that founded it based on the beliefs that the secularization/ modernization of turkey (Suppression of Islam) was the wrong solution for conditions in the region
al-Banna.
Quds Force
External branch of the IRGC.
Final Step in the staircase to terrorism Model
Perpetrator is prepared to carry out the attack
Classroom definition of terrorism
a form of political violence in which terrorist actors have specific objectives they are attempting to achieve and have chosen symbolic targets to draw attention to their cause
Dissident Terrorism
Terrorism “from below” committed by nonstate movements and groups against governments, ethnonational groups, religious groups, and other perceived enemies.
Open Sponsorship
when the state acknowledged their role in a terrorist attack.
Closed sponsorship
state denies their role in supporting terrorist activities
Internal terrorism
practiced by a state against its own people
external terrorism
practiced by one state against citizens of another
Transnational terrorism
Terrorism that transcends national borders and often targets people and locations other than the ones directly at issue. targeted countries are not respresented in the make-up of the group Ex… 9/11
Financial supporters in Terrorism
-Provide money through direct contributions, fund raises or purchases
-May not be aware they are donating
Incel Ideology
Attractiveness is determined by genetic features and these are the main features that women find attractive. They believe that their physical traits are substandard in themselves, hence why they are doomed to a life of involuntary celibacy
IRGC
Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps. Acts in parallel with Irans military dedicated to protecting their revolution
Assassination in terrorism
While it can be a part of a larger terrorism plot, assassination is is not automatically terrorism
Salfasim
modernization of islam from western influences. Also the basis of extremist islamic beliefs we are dealing with over 80 years later.
American Sin
Sayyid Qutb went to America for teachers school and found that women were teaching majority of the classes.
Rally Hypothesis
Terror attacks are designed to attract supporter and recruiters and convince other terrorist groups to attack as well
damage hypothesis
Terrorist attacks weaken the economy of the target county / location and make it harder for them to focus on anti-terror agendas (especially with regard to the far enemy)
Franchise Hypothesis
The focus and the actors are local or regional - not global. These terrorists are influenced by a larger organization but may never have direct contact with other organizational leaders.
narcissistic rage
intense anger experienced by narcissistic persons who have doubts about the accuracy of their exaggerated self-image when someone calls these views into question
network structure (Definition)
the pattern of communication that occurs regularly among each member of an organization
Network Components
Objects: nodes, positions, vertices, or actors
Relations: edges, ties, links, or connections
Liaisons: bridges or gatekeepers - nodes that control the interaction between different groups
Effectiveness - generally interdependent groups of two or more organizations that consciously collaborate with one another are more effective than organizations that go their own way
Economic victims
Individuals, organizations, and governments who experience financial loss due to the attack
global victims
-In extraordinary events the global community becomes impacted by the horror of the event
-Social and Traditional media can catalyst this issue
Disintermediation
The removal of the intermediary role in the process or Network chain
Coercion Hypothesis
Terrorists seek to inflict some measure of pain in order to force policies sympathetic to the terrorist cause
Threat based approach to terrorism
policymaker interpretations of terrorism approach before 9/11. The goals methods and projected capabilities of the terrorist organization were used to predict future abilities of terror
Vulnerability bases approach to terrorism
Approach after 9/11. No terrorist attack scenario is too far fetched for study.
lone wolf
Terrorist working alone-not taking direct orders from a group. these single actor terrorist events can occur without any organization as a direct participant, although there will often be an organization on the periphery
facilitators
People, systems, or organizations that serve as communication pathways and hubs for delivering information
-Targeted and Primary Victims
Anyone who is killed or wounded in the event
indirect victimes
families and communities of those impacted by the event
Secondary victimes
Responders and other personanel who deal with the event.
Networks models are…
Used in counter-terrorism to determine hierarchy of group, determine how to infiltrate a group or even simply, who to target
What Are Network Structures?
Networks are structures of interdependences involving multiple organization
This agency gave the unabomber its name because it was Targeting airlines
FBI
Originally blamed for the 2004 madrid train attacks
ETA
Argues that terrorism today wage politically motivated asymmetrical warfare against non military targets
Martin
More disperse non redundant open networks have more access to…
information
Current term for military response to terrorism
War on terror
Lead the IRGC up until his death
Qasem Soleimani
These two attacks changed the way federal agencies respond to standoffs
Waco and Ruby ridges
Nativism
combining xenophobia or a fear of outsiders or a belief in the superiority of one’s homeland, is a potent ideology that has found roots in various societies around the world
religious terrorism is more dangerous because of _________. Those who practice have this are more likely to sacrifice themselves for the cause
Fanaticism
A government that commits act of terrorism against its own people has this because they can say they didn’t know it was occurring
Plausible deniability
Gladwell’s - The Tipping Point
Three types of people in social networks:
-Connectors - people with a large hub
They exhibit the ‘small world phenomenon’. They have enough people in network to influence outcomes.
-Mavens - experts with knowledge who influence members of the network. They propagate knowledge and preferences.
-Salesmen - negotiators who exert “soft” influence. Always charismatic
Interpreters
People who explain the who, where, when, what, why and how of the event.
-The media is the strongest.
Ideological Supporters
Hold beliefs and views that align with the terrorist organization. It does not have to be an exact match of beliefs. They lend weight and importance to the organization
Who always gets credit for terrorist attacks?
The Organization
The only country that includes “Electronic Systems” in their definition of terrorism
The UK
Terrorist are…
-Purpose Driven
-Deliberate
-Committed to a cause
-Oriented to a group
-disciplined
-Trained
-Target or attack oriented
Path to violence
Violence is never the first solution to a new problem. Actors are forced to be violent by lack of other means to gain attention to their cause
Why do extremists engage in terrorism?
- Extraordinary violence is a choice
- Terrorism is always premeditated
- Given the motive, premeditation, and execution why engage in terrorists violence?
- 4 (and a Half) Theories compiled by Rand report in 2007
characters of extremist beliefs
- Intolerance
- moral absolutes
- Broad conclusions
- New language that supports a particular belief system
Moral absolutes
Clear distinction between good and evil, right and wrong. We are right and our cause is good. Any and everyone who disagrees with us even in the slightest is wrong
When was the term terrorism first used?
French Revolution By Maximillian Robespierre.
The U.S. Department of Defense Terrorism focuses on these two components
Fear and Coercion
Binyamin Netanyahu Stance on Terrorism
Introduced the concept that a terrorist attack had to include innocent people and later changed his definition to say civilians
Radicalization
The process of change and indoctrination , during which a person comes to believe that extremist and/or terrorist views and actions are accurate and appropriate
Punctuated events
Single events or circumstances that have critical impacts on the radicalization of an individual
Rational Choice Model
Humans act in ways that are beneficial to them; they work towards their own self interest.
Staircase to Terrorism
- (Ground floor) Relative-deprivation :loss disproportionate to the the rest of society
- (First Floor) Seeks solutions or opportunities to correct injustice
- (Second Floor) Potential terrorist learning to displace their their aggression
- (Third Floor) Moral Engagement:Person aligns himself with moral believes of terrorist organization
- (Fourth Floor) Fully entered organization, receives training, point of no return
- (Fifth Floor) Prepares terrorist to carry out attack
Relative Depervation Theory
loss or perceived loss that is disproportionate to the rest of society
Moral engagement
The new recruit aligns himself with the moral beliefs of the terrorist organization
cognitive reconstrual
The recruits morals are completely changed by the organization
Vicious Diplomacy
The exploitation of the power to hurt
Domestic Terrorism
Terrorism directed against the government or population without foreign direction.
Terrorist actor
The person who carries out or assists with the planning of a terrorist attack
Aum Shinrikyo
Religious terrorist attack in Tokyo, Japan that used sarin gas in tokyo subway —First non-government group to use weapons of mass destruction (biological weapons)
Halabja Chemical Attack
1988
- Iraqi forces used chemical weapons to kill civilians within their own state
- Saddam Hussein attacked Kurdish city of Halabja w/ poison gas (supplied by US)
- STATE SPONSORED TERRORISM EXAMPLE
