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PAD 4374 > PAD 4374 MIDTERM > Flashcards

PAD 4374 MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

Franchise

A

A terrorism model where independent groups operate under a common brand or ideology. example: al-shaba and al-qaeda

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2
Q

All channel

A

A terrorism model in which all members know about each other.

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3
Q

Why do drug dealers use chain networks?

A

A way to maintain secrecy in power

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4
Q

Chain networks

A

A way to maintain secrecy in power among drug dealers.

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5
Q

Material or logistical supporter

A

The US government classification of anyone who sends money, either knowingly or unknowingly to terrorist organization

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6
Q

Secondary Victims

A

Responders and other personnel impacted by the aftermath of an attack.

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7
Q

Hub or star network weakness

A

If the leader is gone then the whole group disbands.

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8
Q

Dark Network

A

A network where all players and connections are not known.

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9
Q

Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)

A

Criteria include being foreign organizations that threaten the security of the US.

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10
Q

Two elements needed for someone to be labeled a ‘terrorist actor’.

A

Intent and Capability

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11
Q

Day of Retribution

A

A new language term from incels referring to the hypothetical day of incel revolution.

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12
Q

What was the first nation to prosecute an incel as a terrorist

A

Canada

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13
Q

Chad Syndrome

A

A term explaining the genetic predisposition to attractiveness and status.

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14
Q

Black pill

A

Genetics predetermine one’s Status, women are only attracted to men with superior genes

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15
Q

Religious terrorism

A

A type of terrorism inspired by religious beliefs. they use violence as a divinely commanded purpose.

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16
Q

State-sponsored terrorism

A

Terrorism supported by a state, such as Iran and Syria supporting groups like Hamas.

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17
Q

International terrorism

A

Terrorism that involves actors from one country attacking a foreign country ex.. Mumbai attack, hamas in Israel

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18
Q

Incel

A

A term that stands for ‘Involuntary celibate’.

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19
Q

Chad

A

Ideal male form, attract all women, seen to incels as Un-intelligent

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20
Q

Motivation for domestic attack

A

Includes religious beliefs, feeling marginalized, and feeling superior in your homeland.

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21
Q

Final step in the staircase to terrorism model

A

Prepared to carry out an attack.

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22
Q

Victim types

A

Primary, Secondary, Economic, and Global are classifications of victims.

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23
Q

Hashtag banned in 2023

A

lettertoamerica was banned on TikTok in response to a terrorist manifesto.

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24
Q

Bin Laden’s Letter to America…

A

Justified the 9/11 attacks based on US support of Israel’s occupation of Palestinian territories.

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25
Q

Al Qaeda translated means?

A
  • “The base”
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26
Q

Al Qaeda Facts

A

-Formely led by Osama bin Laden
- Has number branches and affilates around the world
- example of a franchise Network

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27
Q

Bright vs Dark network

A

All players and connections are known vs. all players and connections are unknown.

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28
Q

Criteria for FTO list

A

Must plan to engage in terrorist acts and have a history of committing terrorist acts.

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29
Q

Iran, North korea, Syria, Cuba

A

The four countries on the Foreign Terrorist Organization list that cannot move economically forwards because they are shut off from the global market

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30
Q

Aum Shinrikyo cult

A

Japense cult that practiced a mix of Christianity and Yoga and inspired attacks on busy train stations.

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31
Q

Who usually turns terrorists in?

A

Family.

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32
Q

What determines the type of attack?

A

The goal, home country, and target.

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33
Q

Original leader of the Muslim Brotherhood that founded it based on the beliefs that the secularization/ modernization of turkey (Suppression of Islam) was the wrong solution for conditions in the region

A

al-Banna.

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34
Q

Quds Force

A

External branch of the IRGC.

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35
Q

Final Step in the staircase to terrorism Model

A

Perpetrator is prepared to carry out the attack

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36
Q

Classroom definition of terrorism

A

a form of political violence in which terrorist actors have specific objectives they are attempting to achieve and have chosen symbolic targets to draw attention to their cause

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37
Q

Dissident Terrorism

A

Terrorism “from below” committed by nonstate movements and groups against governments, ethnonational groups, religious groups, and other perceived enemies.

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38
Q

Open Sponsorship

A

when the state acknowledged their role in a terrorist attack.

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39
Q

Closed sponsorship

A

state denies their role in supporting terrorist activities

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40
Q

Internal terrorism

A

practiced by a state against its own people

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41
Q

external terrorism

A

practiced by one state against citizens of another

42
Q

Transnational terrorism

A

Terrorism that transcends national borders and often targets people and locations other than the ones directly at issue. targeted countries are not respresented in the make-up of the group Ex… 9/11

43
Q

Financial supporters in Terrorism

A

-Provide money through direct contributions, fund raises or purchases
-May not be aware they are donating

44
Q

Incel Ideology

A

Attractiveness is determined by genetic features and these are the main features that women find attractive. They believe that their physical traits are substandard in themselves, hence why they are doomed to a life of involuntary celibacy

45
Q

IRGC

A

Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps. Acts in parallel with Irans military dedicated to protecting their revolution

46
Q

Assassination in terrorism

A

While it can be a part of a larger terrorism plot, assassination is is not automatically terrorism

47
Q

Salfasim

A

modernization of islam from western influences. Also the basis of extremist islamic beliefs we are dealing with over 80 years later.

48
Q

American Sin

A

Sayyid Qutb went to America for teachers school and found that women were teaching majority of the classes.

49
Q

Rally Hypothesis

A

Terror attacks are designed to attract supporter and recruiters and convince other terrorist groups to attack as well

50
Q

damage hypothesis

A

Terrorist attacks weaken the economy of the target county / location and make it harder for them to focus on anti-terror agendas (especially with regard to the far enemy)

51
Q

Franchise Hypothesis

A

The focus and the actors are local or regional - not global. These terrorists are influenced by a larger organization but may never have direct contact with other organizational leaders.

52
Q

narcissistic rage

A

intense anger experienced by narcissistic persons who have doubts about the accuracy of their exaggerated self-image when someone calls these views into question

53
Q

network structure (Definition)

A

the pattern of communication that occurs regularly among each member of an organization

54
Q

Network Components

A

Objects: nodes, positions, vertices, or actors

Relations: edges, ties, links, or connections

Liaisons: bridges or gatekeepers - nodes that control the interaction between different groups

Effectiveness - generally interdependent groups of two or more organizations that consciously collaborate with one another are more effective than organizations that go their own way

55
Q

Economic victims

A

Individuals, organizations, and governments who experience financial loss due to the attack

56
Q

global victims

A

-In extraordinary events the global community becomes impacted by the horror of the event
-Social and Traditional media can catalyst this issue

57
Q

Disintermediation

A

The removal of the intermediary role in the process or Network chain

58
Q

Coercion Hypothesis

A

Terrorists seek to inflict some measure of pain in order to force policies sympathetic to the terrorist cause

59
Q

Threat based approach to terrorism

A

policymaker interpretations of terrorism approach before 9/11. The goals methods and projected capabilities of the terrorist organization were used to predict future abilities of terror

60
Q

Vulnerability bases approach to terrorism

A

Approach after 9/11. No terrorist attack scenario is too far fetched for study.

61
Q

lone wolf

A

Terrorist working alone-not taking direct orders from a group. these single actor terrorist events can occur without any organization as a direct participant, although there will often be an organization on the periphery

62
Q

facilitators

A

People, systems, or organizations that serve as communication pathways and hubs for delivering information

63
Q

-Targeted and Primary Victims

A

Anyone who is killed or wounded in the event

64
Q

indirect victimes

A

families and communities of those impacted by the event

65
Q

Secondary victimes

A

Responders and other personanel who deal with the event.

66
Q

Networks models are…

A

Used in counter-terrorism to determine hierarchy of group, determine how to infiltrate a group or even simply, who to target

67
Q

What Are Network Structures?

A

Networks are structures of interdependences involving multiple organization

68
Q

This agency gave the unabomber its name because it was Targeting airlines

A

FBI

69
Q

Originally blamed for the 2004 madrid train attacks

A

ETA

70
Q

Argues that terrorism today wage politically motivated asymmetrical warfare against non military targets

A

Martin

71
Q

More disperse non redundant open networks have more access to…

A

information

72
Q

Current term for military response to terrorism

A

War on terror

73
Q

Lead the IRGC up until his death

A

Qasem Soleimani

74
Q

These two attacks changed the way federal agencies respond to standoffs

A

Waco and Ruby ridges

75
Q

Nativism

A

combining xenophobia or a fear of outsiders or a belief in the superiority of one’s homeland, is a potent ideology that has found roots in various societies around the world

76
Q

religious terrorism is more dangerous because of _________. Those who practice have this are more likely to sacrifice themselves for the cause

A

Fanaticism

77
Q

A government that commits act of terrorism against its own people has this because they can say they didn’t know it was occurring

A

Plausible deniability

78
Q

Gladwell’s - The Tipping Point

A

Three types of people in social networks:

-Connectors - people with a large hub
They exhibit the ‘small world phenomenon’. They have enough people in network to influence outcomes.

-Mavens - experts with knowledge who influence members of the network. They propagate knowledge and preferences.

-Salesmen - negotiators who exert “soft” influence. Always charismatic

79
Q

Interpreters

A

People who explain the who, where, when, what, why and how of the event.
-The media is the strongest.

80
Q

Ideological Supporters

A

Hold beliefs and views that align with the terrorist organization. It does not have to be an exact match of beliefs. They lend weight and importance to the organization

81
Q

Who always gets credit for terrorist attacks?

A

The Organization

82
Q

The only country that includes “Electronic Systems” in their definition of terrorism

A

The UK

83
Q

Terrorist are…

A

-Purpose Driven
-Deliberate
-Committed to a cause
-Oriented to a group
-disciplined
-Trained
-Target or attack oriented

84
Q

Path to violence

A

Violence is never the first solution to a new problem. Actors are forced to be violent by lack of other means to gain attention to their cause

85
Q

Why do extremists engage in terrorism?

A
  • Extraordinary violence is a choice
  • Terrorism is always premeditated
  • Given the motive, premeditation, and execution why engage in terrorists violence?
  • 4 (and a Half) Theories compiled by Rand report in 2007
86
Q

characters of extremist beliefs

A
  • Intolerance
  • moral absolutes
  • Broad conclusions
  • New language that supports a particular belief system
87
Q

Moral absolutes

A

Clear distinction between good and evil, right and wrong. We are right and our cause is good. Any and everyone who disagrees with us even in the slightest is wrong

88
Q

When was the term terrorism first used?

A

French Revolution By Maximillian Robespierre.

89
Q

The U.S. Department of Defense Terrorism focuses on these two components

A

Fear and Coercion

90
Q

Binyamin Netanyahu Stance on Terrorism

A

Introduced the concept that a terrorist attack had to include innocent people and later changed his definition to say civilians

91
Q

Radicalization

A

The process of change and indoctrination , during which a person comes to believe that extremist and/or terrorist views and actions are accurate and appropriate

92
Q

Punctuated events

A

Single events or circumstances that have critical impacts on the radicalization of an individual

93
Q

Rational Choice Model

A

Humans act in ways that are beneficial to them; they work towards their own self interest.

94
Q

Staircase to Terrorism

A
  • (Ground floor) Relative-deprivation :loss disproportionate to the the rest of society
  • (First Floor) Seeks solutions or opportunities to correct injustice
  • (Second Floor) Potential terrorist learning to displace their their aggression
  • (Third Floor) Moral Engagement:Person aligns himself with moral believes of terrorist organization
  • (Fourth Floor) Fully entered organization, receives training, point of no return
  • (Fifth Floor) Prepares terrorist to carry out attack
95
Q

Relative Depervation Theory

A

loss or perceived loss that is disproportionate to the rest of society

96
Q

Moral engagement

A

The new recruit aligns himself with the moral beliefs of the terrorist organization

97
Q

cognitive reconstrual

A

The recruits morals are completely changed by the organization

98
Q

Vicious Diplomacy

A

The exploitation of the power to hurt

99
Q

Domestic Terrorism

A

Terrorism directed against the government or population without foreign direction.

100
Q

Terrorist actor

A

The person who carries out or assists with the planning of a terrorist attack

101
Q

Aum Shinrikyo

A

Religious terrorist attack in Tokyo, Japan that used sarin gas in tokyo subway —First non-government group to use weapons of mass destruction (biological weapons)

102
Q

Halabja Chemical Attack

A

1988
- Iraqi forces used chemical weapons to kill civilians within their own state
- Saddam Hussein attacked Kurdish city of Halabja w/ poison gas (supplied by US)
- STATE SPONSORED TERRORISM EXAMPLE

PAD 4374 (1 decks)

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