PACs Pathology Flashcards
Be Specific
Obstructive Hydronephrosis
Grade 2
Multinodular Goiter
Why are varicoceles more common on the left?
Due to the left spermatic vein emptying into the left renal vein
what develops due to a failure of the fibrous and epithelial cells to regress duriing the second half of the mentrual cycle?
Fibroadenoma
Most common breast tumor
Stimulated by estrogen
Graves Disease
Testicular Torsion
A bilateral conditon associated with an increased risk of malignancy and infertility?
Microlithiasis
Must have MORE than 5 on a single image
Smaller than 3mm
Without shadowing
Junctional Defect
parapelvic cyst
Simple Renal Cyst
Where does metastatic disease of the liver originate from most?
GI including GB and pancreas
followed by breast and lung
What is a bilateral process which results in small, echogenic kidneys with noticeable loss of parenchymal thickness?
Chronic renal disease
In torsion, what blood flow is affected first?
Venous flow
Once arterial flow ceases, tissue necrosis occurs and the affected organ becomes hypoechoic in appearance.
What results in the characteristic appearance of too many tubes or double barrel sign of dilated ducts alongside the portal veins?
Blockage at the portal-hepatis creating intrahepatic ductal dilatation
What is the size range for a saccular aneurysm?
5-10cm
Acute Cholecystitis
Chronic Chloecystitis
What is the WES sign?
Wall Echo Shadow
No visible bile within gb lumen
What is the most common general widening of the aorta?
Fusiform
distal
What condition has right upper quadrant pain but no positive Murphy’s sign and may have fibrosis developing in the wall?
Chronic Cholecystitis
Results from multiple episodes of acute
More common than acute
Be Specific
Obstructive Hydronephrosis
Grade 1
Pseudoaneurysm
What is a collection of serous fluid and is the most common cause of painless scrotal swelling?
Hydrocele
What percentage of liver cysts occur in people over 50?
5%
Fatty Liver
What is the most common thyroid abnormality and is not usually associated with hypo or hyperthyroidism?
Multinodular Goiter
How can either axial or lateral resolution be improved?
Axial- raise frequency
Lateral- decrease field of view
What is the most frequent cause of hyperthyroidism and affects women over 30?
Graves Disease
Hypoechoic with diffuse enlargement
No discrete nodules
Intense color doppler
True or false
In a dromedary hump, the cortical border is intact and the hump will contain normal appearing pyramid structures
True
Percentage of angiomyolipoma?
80% in women and in right kidney
Duplex Collecting system
Epididymitis
Where can Riedels lobe be located?
anterior projection of the liver extending to near the iliac crest
Dissecting Aneurysm
What condition is characterized by enlarged, echogenic medullary and common in females?
Medullary sponge kidney
Characteristics of a thyroid adenoma?
Variable size
Homogenous
Range from anechoic to hyperechoic
Peripheral halo
Increased blood flow when hyperfunctioning
50% of patients will have end stage renal disease by age 50 when diagnosed with what?
Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease
(massively large)
Fetal lobulation
Pancreatitis Acute
Cavernous Hemangioma
Metastatic Disease
Common cause of acute renal failure and most common in children?
Acute tubular necrosis
When ruling out torsion what is the proper scanning technique used?
Adjust color doppler parameters to the asymptomatic side first and DO NOT change when scanning the affected side.
Gain, wall filter, scale, and color box
Saccular Aneurysm
Always check for what when any dilation is noted?
Bilateral jets
Sonographic appearance of pancreatic adenocarcinoma?
Irregular, hypoechoic, dilated pancreatic duct, liver and para-aortic nodes
Sonographic appearance of focal nodular hyperplasia?
occur most in rt lobe, hyper to isoechoic, may have central scar
women under 40 and are asymptomatic
Affected testis becomes hypoechoic and swollen indicating testicular ischemia?
Late torsion
Riedels Lobe
Fusiform Aneurysm
Renal Carcinoma
Granulomatous Infection of the spleen
Varicocele
Fibroadenoma
How is a pseudoaneurysm created?
When a punctured artery fails to seal off after an interventional procedure.
What type of pancreatic cyst is not contained inside organ walls like a regular cyst?
Pseudocyst
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Extrarenal Pelvis
Angiomyolipoma
Column of bertin
What is the most common form of thyroiditis, affects young women, and is a progressive, chronic autoimmune disorder?
Hashimoto’s
Enlarged, homogeneous hypoechoic texture
Discrete nodules less common
Acute stage has less vascularity
Chronic stage has increased color Doppler
Where is the primary location of a dissecting aneurysm?
Thoracic aorta
(can be caused by Marfans stretching disorder)
Appearance differences between acute and chronic pancreatitis?
Acute- hypoechoic with irregular borders and pancreatic duct may become enlarged
Chronic- hyperechoic with echogenic foci
Lymph Node
What conditon has a positive Murphy’s sign and thickened wall with sonolucent area between the two walls?
Acute cholecystitis
Dromedary Hump
Most common cause of acute scrotal pain in adults. Can result form the spread of a urinary tract infection or an STD down the spermatic cord.
Epididymitis
1/3 of cases will turn into orchitis with hyperemia
Nine characteristics of benign breast lesions.
Smooth, round margins
Grow horizontal within tissue planes
Parallel to chest wall
Round or oval
Wider than they are tall
Isoechoic with breast tissue
Posterior enhancement
Mobile or compressible
No increased blood flow
Adenomyomatosis
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
When a lymph node becomes malignant, how does its appearence change?
Becomes round and its echogenic hilum becomes more difficult to detect
Grades of obstructive hydronephrosis
Grade 1: small separation of calyces
Grade 2: fluid extends into major and minor calyces
Grade 3: Massive dilation of renal pelvis and significant loss of renal cortex
What is the sonographic appearance of a cavernous hemangioma?
Hyperechoic and typically has posterior enhancement, usually in the right lobe or near liver dome
Kidney Stone
(uro-, nephrolithiasis)
Be Specific
Obstructive Hydronephrosis
Grade 3
Hydrocele
What is an abnormal dilatation of the veins of the pampiniform plexus in the spermatic cord?
Primary varicoceles
Caused by incompetent valves within the spermatic vein.
True or false
Colums of Bertin distort the renal cortex
False
Diffuse calcium deposits common with hypoparathyroidism, sickle cell, and men?
Nephrocalcinosis
What can cause dilated common extrahepatic duct?
Blockage of distal end of distal end of CBD from a stone or pancreatic head tumor
Is it possible to have focal pyelonephritis?
Yes, affected area will lack vascularity
Where does ascites fill first before it ascends to the paracolic gutters?
Pouch of Douglas
Chronic Medical Renal Disease
What tumor is 95% germ cell and is present as a painless, palpable lump occuring frequently between ages 20-35?
Seminoma
(Testicular Carcinoma)
hypoechoic, homogenous with smooth borders
Affected testis is swollen with a mildly heterogeous echotexture however, echogenicity remains similar to unaffected side?
Early torsion
After identifying a renal carcinoma what should be check for tumor extension?
IVC and renal veins
Autosomal-dominat polycystic kidney disease
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Secondary varicoceles are more common in men over 40 as a result of what?
Renal hydronephrosis
Abnormal mass
Liver cirrhosis
Portal Hypertension
Focal nodular hyperplasia
Dilation of the renal sinus and pelvis without an actual blockage of the flow of the urine into the bladder.
Nonobstructive Hydronephrosis
What type of cyst can enlarge and cause renal obstruction?
parapelvic cyst
Nephrocalcinosis
Eight characteristics of malignant breast lesions.
Spiculations
Sharp, angular borders
Cause skin dimpling or nipple retraction
Taller than they are wide
Hypoechoic
Posterior shadowing
Rigid
Increased vascularity with feeder vessel
Acute Tubular Necrosis
Dilated Extrahepatic Common Duct
thyroid adenoma
Microlithiasis
Medullary Sponge Kidney
