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PACs Pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Be Specific

A

Obstructive Hydronephrosis

Grade 2

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1
Q
A

Multinodular Goiter

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1
Q

Why are varicoceles more common on the left?

A

Due to the left spermatic vein emptying into the left renal vein

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2
Q

what develops due to a failure of the fibrous and epithelial cells to regress duriing the second half of the mentrual cycle?

A

Fibroadenoma

Most common breast tumor

Stimulated by estrogen

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3
Q
A

Graves Disease

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3
Q
A

Testicular Torsion

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3
Q

A bilateral conditon associated with an increased risk of malignancy and infertility?

A

Microlithiasis

Must have MORE than 5 on a single image

Smaller than 3mm

Without shadowing

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4
Q
A

Junctional Defect

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5
Q
A

parapelvic cyst

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7
Q
A

Simple Renal Cyst

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7
Q

Where does metastatic disease of the liver originate from most?

A

GI including GB and pancreas

followed by breast and lung

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7
Q

What is a bilateral process which results in small, echogenic kidneys with noticeable loss of parenchymal thickness?

A

Chronic renal disease

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8
Q

In torsion, what blood flow is affected first?

A

Venous flow

Once arterial flow ceases, tissue necrosis occurs and the affected organ becomes hypoechoic in appearance.

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8
Q

What results in the characteristic appearance of too many tubes or double barrel sign of dilated ducts alongside the portal veins?

A

Blockage at the portal-hepatis creating intrahepatic ductal dilatation

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8
Q

What is the size range for a saccular aneurysm?

A

5-10cm

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9
Q
A

Acute Cholecystitis

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9
Q
A

Chronic Chloecystitis

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9
Q

What is the WES sign?

A

Wall Echo Shadow

No visible bile within gb lumen

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9
Q

What is the most common general widening of the aorta?

A

Fusiform

distal

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10
Q

What condition has right upper quadrant pain but no positive Murphy’s sign and may have fibrosis developing in the wall?

A

Chronic Cholecystitis

Results from multiple episodes of acute

More common than acute

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11
Q

Be Specific

A

Obstructive Hydronephrosis

Grade 1

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11
Q
A

Pseudoaneurysm

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12
Q

What is a collection of serous fluid and is the most common cause of painless scrotal swelling?

A

Hydrocele

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13
Q

What percentage of liver cysts occur in people over 50?

A

5%

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14
Fatty Liver
15
What is the most common thyroid abnormality and is not usually associated with hypo or hyperthyroidism?
Multinodular Goiter
16
How can either axial or lateral resolution be improved?
Axial- raise frequency Lateral- decrease field of view
18
What is the most frequent cause of hyperthyroidism and affects women over 30?
**Graves Disease** Hypoechoic with diffuse enlargement No discrete nodules Intense color doppler
18
True or false In a dromedary hump, the cortical border is intact and the hump will contain normal appearing pyramid structures
True
18
Percentage of angiomyolipoma?
80% in women and in right kidney
20
Duplex Collecting system
20
Epididymitis
20
Where can Riedels lobe be located?
anterior projection of the liver extending to near the iliac crest
21
Dissecting Aneurysm
22
What condition is characterized by enlarged, echogenic medullary and common in females?
Medullary sponge kidney
23
Characteristics of a thyroid adenoma?
Variable size Homogenous Range from anechoic to hyperechoic Peripheral halo Increased blood flow when hyperfunctioning
23
50% of patients will have end stage renal disease by age 50 when diagnosed with what?
Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (massively large)
24
Fetal lobulation
26
Pancreatitis Acute
28
Cavernous Hemangioma
28
Metastatic Disease
29
Common cause of acute renal failure and most common in children?
Acute tubular necrosis
30
When ruling out torsion what is the proper scanning technique used?
Adjust color doppler parameters to the asymptomatic side first and DO NOT change when scanning the affected side. Gain, wall filter, scale, and color box
32
Saccular Aneurysm
33
Always check for what when any dilation is noted?
Bilateral jets
34
Sonographic appearance of pancreatic adenocarcinoma?
Irregular, hypoechoic, dilated pancreatic duct, liver and para-aortic nodes
35
Sonographic appearance of focal nodular hyperplasia?
occur most in rt lobe, hyper to isoechoic, may have central scar women under 40 and are asymptomatic
36
Affected testis becomes hypoechoic and swollen indicating testicular ischemia?
Late torsion
38
Riedels Lobe
40
Fusiform Aneurysm
42
Renal Carcinoma
44
Granulomatous Infection of the spleen
45
Varicocele
46
Fibroadenoma
47
How is a pseudoaneurysm created?
When a punctured artery fails to seal off after an interventional procedure.
48
What type of pancreatic cyst is not contained inside organ walls like a regular cyst?
Pseudocyst
49
Pancreatic pseudocyst
50
Extrarenal Pelvis
51
Angiomyolipoma
52
Column of bertin
53
What is the most common form of thyroiditis, affects young women, and is a progressive, chronic autoimmune disorder?
**Hashimoto's** Enlarged, homogeneous hypoechoic texture Discrete nodules less common Acute stage has less vascularity Chronic stage has increased color Doppler
54
Where is the primary location of a dissecting aneurysm?
Thoracic aorta (can be caused by Marfans stretching disorder)
55
Appearance differences between acute and chronic pancreatitis?
Acute- hypoechoic with irregular borders and pancreatic duct may become enlarged Chronic- hyperechoic with echogenic foci
57
Lymph Node
58
What conditon has a positive Murphy's sign and thickened wall with sonolucent area between the two walls?
Acute cholecystitis
59
Dromedary Hump
61
Most common cause of acute scrotal pain in adults. Can result form the spread of a urinary tract infection or an STD down the spermatic cord.
**Epididymitis** 1/3 of cases will turn into orchitis with hyperemia
62
Nine characteristics of benign breast lesions.
Smooth, round margins Grow horizontal within tissue planes Parallel to chest wall Round or oval Wider than they are tall Isoechoic with breast tissue Posterior enhancement Mobile or compressible No increased blood flow
64
Adenomyomatosis
66
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
67
When a lymph node becomes malignant, how does its appearence change?
Becomes round and its echogenic hilum becomes more difficult to detect
68
Grades of obstructive hydronephrosis
Grade 1: small separation of calyces Grade 2: fluid extends into major and minor calyces Grade 3: Massive dilation of renal pelvis and significant loss of renal cortex
69
What is the sonographic appearance of a cavernous hemangioma?
Hyperechoic and typically has posterior enhancement, usually in the right lobe or near liver dome
70
Kidney Stone | (uro-, nephrolithiasis)
72
Be Specific
Obstructive Hydronephrosis Grade 3
74
Hydrocele
75
What is an abnormal dilatation of the veins of the pampiniform plexus in the spermatic cord?
Primary varicoceles Caused by incompetent valves within the spermatic vein.
76
True or false Colums of Bertin distort the renal cortex
False
77
Diffuse calcium deposits common with hypoparathyroidism, sickle cell, and men?
Nephrocalcinosis
79
What can cause dilated common extrahepatic duct?
Blockage of distal end of distal end of CBD from a stone or pancreatic head tumor
80
Is it possible to have focal pyelonephritis?
Yes, affected area will lack vascularity
81
Where does ascites fill first before it ascends to the paracolic gutters?
Pouch of Douglas
82
Chronic Medical Renal Disease
83
What tumor is 95% germ cell and is present as a painless, palpable lump occuring frequently between ages 20-35?
**Seminoma** (Testicular Carcinoma) hypoechoic, homogenous with smooth borders
84
Affected testis is swollen with a mildly heterogeous echotexture however, echogenicity remains similar to unaffected side?
Early torsion
85
After identifying a renal carcinoma what should be check for tumor extension?
IVC and renal veins
86
Autosomal-dominat polycystic kidney disease
88
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
89
Secondary varicoceles are more common in men over 40 as a result of what?
Renal hydronephrosis Abnormal mass Liver cirrhosis Portal Hypertension
90
Focal nodular hyperplasia
91
Dilation of the renal sinus and pelvis without an actual blockage of the flow of the urine into the bladder.
Nonobstructive Hydronephrosis
92
What type of cyst can enlarge and cause renal obstruction?
parapelvic cyst
93
Nephrocalcinosis
94
Eight characteristics of malignant breast lesions.
Spiculations Sharp, angular borders Cause skin dimpling or nipple retraction Taller than they are wide Hypoechoic Posterior shadowing Rigid Increased vascularity with feeder vessel
95
Acute Tubular Necrosis
96
Dilated Extrahepatic Common Duct
97
thyroid adenoma
98
Microlithiasis
99
Medullary Sponge Kidney

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