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ABD Lab > PACs Pathology > Flashcards

PACs Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Be Specific

A

Obstructive Hydronephrosis

Grade 2

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1
Q
A

Multinodular Goiter

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1
Q

Why are varicoceles more common on the left?

A

Due to the left spermatic vein emptying into the left renal vein

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2
Q

what develops due to a failure of the fibrous and epithelial cells to regress duriing the second half of the mentrual cycle?

A

Fibroadenoma

Most common breast tumor

Stimulated by estrogen

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3
Q
A

Graves Disease

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3
Q
A

Testicular Torsion

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3
Q

A bilateral conditon associated with an increased risk of malignancy and infertility?

A

Microlithiasis

Must have MORE than 5 on a single image

Smaller than 3mm

Without shadowing

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4
Q
A

Junctional Defect

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5
Q
A

parapelvic cyst

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7
Q
A

Simple Renal Cyst

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7
Q

Where does metastatic disease of the liver originate from most?

A

GI including GB and pancreas

followed by breast and lung

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7
Q

What is a bilateral process which results in small, echogenic kidneys with noticeable loss of parenchymal thickness?

A

Chronic renal disease

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8
Q

In torsion, what blood flow is affected first?

A

Venous flow

Once arterial flow ceases, tissue necrosis occurs and the affected organ becomes hypoechoic in appearance.

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8
Q

What results in the characteristic appearance of too many tubes or double barrel sign of dilated ducts alongside the portal veins?

A

Blockage at the portal-hepatis creating intrahepatic ductal dilatation

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8
Q

What is the size range for a saccular aneurysm?

A

5-10cm

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9
Q
A

Acute Cholecystitis

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9
Q
A

Chronic Chloecystitis

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9
Q

What is the WES sign?

A

Wall Echo Shadow

No visible bile within gb lumen

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9
Q

What is the most common general widening of the aorta?

A

Fusiform

distal

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10
Q

What condition has right upper quadrant pain but no positive Murphy’s sign and may have fibrosis developing in the wall?

A

Chronic Cholecystitis

Results from multiple episodes of acute

More common than acute

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11
Q

Be Specific

A

Obstructive Hydronephrosis

Grade 1

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11
Q
A

Pseudoaneurysm

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12
Q

What is a collection of serous fluid and is the most common cause of painless scrotal swelling?

A

Hydrocele

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13
Q

What percentage of liver cysts occur in people over 50?

A

5%

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14
Q
A

Fatty Liver

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15
Q

What is the most common thyroid abnormality and is not usually associated with hypo or hyperthyroidism?

A

Multinodular Goiter

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16
Q

How can either axial or lateral resolution be improved?

A

Axial- raise frequency

Lateral- decrease field of view

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18
Q

What is the most frequent cause of hyperthyroidism and affects women over 30?

A

Graves Disease

Hypoechoic with diffuse enlargement

No discrete nodules

Intense color doppler

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18
Q

True or false

In a dromedary hump, the cortical border is intact and the hump will contain normal appearing pyramid structures

A

True

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18
Q

Percentage of angiomyolipoma?

A

80% in women and in right kidney

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20
Q
A

Duplex Collecting system

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20
Q
A

Epididymitis

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20
Q

Where can Riedels lobe be located?

A

anterior projection of the liver extending to near the iliac crest

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21
Q
A

Dissecting Aneurysm

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22
Q

What condition is characterized by enlarged, echogenic medullary and common in females?

A

Medullary sponge kidney

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23
Q

Characteristics of a thyroid adenoma?

A

Variable size

Homogenous

Range from anechoic to hyperechoic

Peripheral halo

Increased blood flow when hyperfunctioning

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23
Q

50% of patients will have end stage renal disease by age 50 when diagnosed with what?

A

Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease

(massively large)

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24
Q
A

Fetal lobulation

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26
Q
A

Pancreatitis Acute

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28
Q
A

Cavernous Hemangioma

28
Q
A

Metastatic Disease

29
Q

Common cause of acute renal failure and most common in children?

A

Acute tubular necrosis

30
Q

When ruling out torsion what is the proper scanning technique used?

A

Adjust color doppler parameters to the asymptomatic side first and DO NOT change when scanning the affected side.

Gain, wall filter, scale, and color box

32
Q
A

Saccular Aneurysm

33
Q

Always check for what when any dilation is noted?

A

Bilateral jets

34
Q

Sonographic appearance of pancreatic adenocarcinoma?

A

Irregular, hypoechoic, dilated pancreatic duct, liver and para-aortic nodes

35
Q

Sonographic appearance of focal nodular hyperplasia?

A

occur most in rt lobe, hyper to isoechoic, may have central scar

women under 40 and are asymptomatic

36
Q

Affected testis becomes hypoechoic and swollen indicating testicular ischemia?

A

Late torsion

38
Q
A

Riedels Lobe

40
Q
A

Fusiform Aneurysm

42
Q
A

Renal Carcinoma

44
Q
A

Granulomatous Infection of the spleen

45
Q
A

Varicocele

46
Q
A

Fibroadenoma

47
Q

How is a pseudoaneurysm created?

A

When a punctured artery fails to seal off after an interventional procedure.

48
Q

What type of pancreatic cyst is not contained inside organ walls like a regular cyst?

A

Pseudocyst

49
Q
A

Pancreatic pseudocyst

50
Q
A

Extrarenal Pelvis

51
Q
A

Angiomyolipoma

52
Q
A

Column of bertin

53
Q

What is the most common form of thyroiditis, affects young women, and is a progressive, chronic autoimmune disorder?

A

Hashimoto’s

Enlarged, homogeneous hypoechoic texture

Discrete nodules less common

Acute stage has less vascularity

Chronic stage has increased color Doppler

54
Q

Where is the primary location of a dissecting aneurysm?

A

Thoracic aorta

(can be caused by Marfans stretching disorder)

55
Q

Appearance differences between acute and chronic pancreatitis?

A

Acute- hypoechoic with irregular borders and pancreatic duct may become enlarged

Chronic- hyperechoic with echogenic foci

57
Q
A

Lymph Node

58
Q

What conditon has a positive Murphy’s sign and thickened wall with sonolucent area between the two walls?

A

Acute cholecystitis

59
Q
A

Dromedary Hump

61
Q

Most common cause of acute scrotal pain in adults. Can result form the spread of a urinary tract infection or an STD down the spermatic cord.

A

Epididymitis

1/3 of cases will turn into orchitis with hyperemia

62
Q

Nine characteristics of benign breast lesions.

A

Smooth, round margins

Grow horizontal within tissue planes

Parallel to chest wall

Round or oval

Wider than they are tall

Isoechoic with breast tissue

Posterior enhancement

Mobile or compressible

No increased blood flow

64
Q
A

Adenomyomatosis

66
Q
A

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

67
Q

When a lymph node becomes malignant, how does its appearence change?

A

Becomes round and its echogenic hilum becomes more difficult to detect

68
Q

Grades of obstructive hydronephrosis

A

Grade 1: small separation of calyces

Grade 2: fluid extends into major and minor calyces

Grade 3: Massive dilation of renal pelvis and significant loss of renal cortex

69
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of a cavernous hemangioma?

A

Hyperechoic and typically has posterior enhancement, usually in the right lobe or near liver dome

70
Q
A

Kidney Stone

(uro-, nephrolithiasis)

72
Q

Be Specific

A

Obstructive Hydronephrosis

Grade 3

74
Q
A

Hydrocele

75
Q

What is an abnormal dilatation of the veins of the pampiniform plexus in the spermatic cord?

A

Primary varicoceles

Caused by incompetent valves within the spermatic vein.

76
Q

True or false

Colums of Bertin distort the renal cortex

A

False

77
Q

Diffuse calcium deposits common with hypoparathyroidism, sickle cell, and men?

A

Nephrocalcinosis

79
Q

What can cause dilated common extrahepatic duct?

A

Blockage of distal end of distal end of CBD from a stone or pancreatic head tumor

80
Q

Is it possible to have focal pyelonephritis?

A

Yes, affected area will lack vascularity

81
Q

Where does ascites fill first before it ascends to the paracolic gutters?

A

Pouch of Douglas

82
Q
A

Chronic Medical Renal Disease

83
Q

What tumor is 95% germ cell and is present as a painless, palpable lump occuring frequently between ages 20-35?

A

Seminoma

(Testicular Carcinoma)

hypoechoic, homogenous with smooth borders

84
Q

Affected testis is swollen with a mildly heterogeous echotexture however, echogenicity remains similar to unaffected side?

A

Early torsion

85
Q

After identifying a renal carcinoma what should be check for tumor extension?

A

IVC and renal veins

86
Q
A

Autosomal-dominat polycystic kidney disease

88
Q
A

Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

89
Q

Secondary varicoceles are more common in men over 40 as a result of what?

A

Renal hydronephrosis

Abnormal mass

Liver cirrhosis

Portal Hypertension

90
Q
A

Focal nodular hyperplasia

91
Q

Dilation of the renal sinus and pelvis without an actual blockage of the flow of the urine into the bladder.

A

Nonobstructive Hydronephrosis

92
Q

What type of cyst can enlarge and cause renal obstruction?

A

parapelvic cyst

93
Q
A

Nephrocalcinosis

94
Q

Eight characteristics of malignant breast lesions.

A

Spiculations

Sharp, angular borders

Cause skin dimpling or nipple retraction

Taller than they are wide

Hypoechoic

Posterior shadowing

Rigid

Increased vascularity with feeder vessel

95
Q
A

Acute Tubular Necrosis

96
Q
A

Dilated Extrahepatic Common Duct

97
Q
A

thyroid adenoma

98
Q
A

Microlithiasis

99
Q
A

Medullary Sponge Kidney

ABD Lab (1 decks)

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