pacl Flashcards
What are the 3 subdivisons of the thoracic cavity?
Mediastinum
2 Pleural cavities
Where is the mediastinum? What does it contain?
It is in the middle of the chest. (mediastinum)
Contains: Heart and great vessels among others
Where are the pleural cavities? What do they contain?
To the right and left of the mediastinum (plural, so two, so right and left)
Contains: lungs
What is the opening that connects the throacic cage and the neck?
thoracic inlet
What seperates the thoracic cage from the abdomen?
diaphragm
What is the The anterior median
(midsternal) line?
A line in the middle of the sternum (from the name)
Parasternal line
a
vertical line running
along the lateral border of the sternum (bc para was along the border of the sea)
Midclavicular line
(MCL)
a vertical line passing through the
midpoints of the clavicle
Anterior axillary line (AAL)
anterior of your axilliary
Midaxillary line (MAL):
in the middle of your axillary
Posterior axillary line (PAL)
in the posterior of your axilliary
Scapular line (SL)
A line passing through the longest part of the scapula (bc it is a line, so it is going to be long)
Paravertebral line
a line on the borders of the veretbrae (bc para is on the border of the sea)
Posterior median
(midvertebral) line (PML)
A line passing in the middle of the vertebral column
What are the borders of the thoracic cage?
Posterior: Thoracic vertebrae
anterior: Sternum and costal cartliges
Superior: suprapleural membrane (bc it is above the pleural)
inferior: Diaphragm
lateral: ribs and intercostal spaces
What are the different approaches of anatomists and clinicians when describing the superior thoracic aperture?
Anatomists:Thoracic Inlet (bc air and food enter from there)
clinicians: Thoracic outlet (bc the arteries and T1 spinal nerve leave from there)
What is the Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS)?What is it caused by?
pressure on the brachial plexus (lower trunk or C8 & T1)
Caused by: cervical rib or
pancoast tumor
What can a cervical rib do in the thoracic inlet syndrome in relation to the heart?
It may cause pressure on the subclavian artery which will cause ischemic pain.
What are the three parts of a sternum?
1.Manubrium
2.Body of the sternum
3.xiphoid process
What is the manubrium of the sternum? What does it articulate with? What does it lie opposite to?
Top part of sternum
Articulates: With clavicles and costal cartliges of ribs 1 and 2
Lies opposite to: T3 and T4
(Like mandible, so the top part bc the mouth is at the top)
What is the body of the sternum? What does it articulate with?
middle part of sternum
Articulates: costal cartliges of 2 -7 and to the manubrium and xiphoid joints.
(bc it is called body so it is mid)
What is the xiphoid process of the sternum? What does it articulate with? What is unique about it?
inferior part of sternum
Articulates: costal cartlige of 7
unique: made of hyaline cartlige and ossfies in adult life.
(bc xiphoid sounds like gum so it was cartlige (soft) then became ossified (solid))
What is the sternal angle?What does it lie opposite two? What is special about it?
an angled line in the sternum (manubriosternal joint)
Lies opposite: T4 and T5
Special: Level where the trachea bifurcaites (splits) (so it forms an angle) and where the arch of aorta starts and ends.
What is a common site for bonemarrow biopsy in the thorax? Why that place in particular?
Sternum
Bc: has hematopoitec stem cells
What are the 3 types of ribs?
True ribs
false ribs
floating ribs
What are true ribs
The first 7
Connected to the sternum by costal cartlige
What are false ribs
8-10
each one has its costal cartlige connected to the costal cartlige above it
What are floating ribs
11-12
end in the muscles of the abdominal wall (bc the abdomen is under the thorax)
What are typical ribs? Which ribs are they ? What are their sections?
Ribs: 3-9
They all look the same
Sections: head,neck, tubercle, and body.
Head: Has two openings, One opening connects to the vertebrae with the same number/position as the rib. The other opening connects to the veretbrae above it.
It also connects to the IV disc (cartlige) between both.
Tubercule: connects with the transverse process of the corresponding vertebrae. with the exception of 11 and 12
Costal groove:houses the intercostal vessels and nerves
What is the weakest part of a rib that is most prone to injuries?
Infront of the ribs angle
(it makes sense bc that is the part that bends)
What are atypical ribs?
Ribs: 1,2,10,11,12
What are the characteristics of rib 1?
shortest, flattest, broadest,
most curved. (bc it is number 1)
scalene tubercle for anterior scalene muscle (bc it is 1, an uneven number)
Two grooves: Houses subclavian artery and vein
What is the cervical rib?
Mesenchymal or cartilaginous
elongation of the transverse process of the seventh cervical vertebra.
What type of Facets do typical thoracic vertebrae have?
T2-T9
Costal Demifacets: Attach the corresponding rib and rib below
Costal facets: On transverse process and Attach to the tubercule of the corresponding rib.
What type of Facets do atypical thoracic vertebrae have?
T1, T10-T12
T1:
Complete Facet: To connect to head of Rib 1
Demifacet: To connect to head of rib 2
……………………………………………………………….
T10-T12:
complete facets are on
bodies for articulation with the entire head of the corresponding rib.
