Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PACKRAT 2 misses > PACKRAT 2 misses > Flashcards

PACKRAT 2 misses Flashcards

1
Q

Essential HTN

A

Normal: <120/80
Pre-HTN: 120-139/80-89
Stage 1 HTN: 140-159/90-99
Stage 2 HTN: >160/100

Essential: idiopathic etiology, + fhx
Secondary: 2/2 identifiable and correctable cause; suspect if refractory to anti-HTNs (renal artery stenosis / fibromuscular dysplasia or hyperaldosteronisim, coarctation)

Complications:
CV: CAD, HF
Neuro: TIA, CVA, aneurysm rupture, encephalopathy
Nephropathy
Optic: retinal hemorrhage, blindness, retinopathy

Exam:
fundo: 1)arterial narrowing, 2) AV nicking, 3) added hemorrhages and soft exudates, 4) Papilledema = malignant HTN

Tx: 
lifestyle modifications
-wt loss: BMI 18.5-24.9, smoking cessation, Na restriction <2.4g/day
-dash diet
exercise >30min / day for most of week
-limit alcohol consumption

Pharm:
-diuretics, ACE, ARB, CCB, BB, A-Blockers

HTN urgency: inc BP but no end-organ damage
Tx: dec BP (MAP) 25% in first 24-48 hrs with PO agents

HTN emergency: >220/120 and acute end-organ damage
Tx: decrease BP (MAP) by 10% first hour and additional 15% next 2-3 hrs using IV agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Thiazide diuretics

A

HCTZ, chlorthalidone

Ind: initial TOC in uncomplicated HTN (then add ACE/ARB, CCB, or BB)

Mech: dec bl volume / pressure by decreasing Na/H2O reabsorption at distal diluting tubule and lowers Ca excretion

ADRs: Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia, hyperuricemia and hyperglycemia (Caution in DM and gout)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Loop Diuretics

A

Furosemide, Bumetanide

Ind: HTN, CHF, hypercalcemia, severe edema, mild renal dz

Mech: inhibit water transport across Loop of Henle –> increased H2O, Na, Cl, and K excretion

ADRs: volume depletion, hypokalemia/natremia/calcemia, hyperuricemia, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, hyperglycemia

CI in sulfa allergy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

K-Sparking diuretics

A

Spironolactone, Amiloride, Eplerenone

Mech: inhibit aldosterone-mediated Na/H2O absorption

ADRs: hyperkalemia (gynecomastia with spironolactone)

CI renal failure and hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

Inflammation of superficial vein / thrombus; benign and self-limiting

CM assoc with IV cath, trauma, preg, varicose veins

Trousseau’s sign: migratory thrombophlebitis assoc with malig or vasculitis

S/s: tenderness, pain, induration, edema, erythema along course of superficial vein +/- palpable cord

Dx: US –> noncompressible vein with clot and vein wall thickening

Workup:

  • hypercoag state
  • migratory phlebitis: CA

Tx: supportive- elevation and warm compresses, NSAIDs, TEDs
Septic: IV PCN and AMG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Prinzmetal’s angina

A

coronary spasm –> transient ST elevations without MI

Pt: F >50 smoker +/- other vasospastic dz (migraines, Raynaud’s)

Sx: CP at rest in morning, with hyperventilation, emotional stress, or cold exposure

Dx:
EKG: +/- transient ST elevations, rapidly resolve with CCB and NTG
Angiography: no fixed stenotic lesion

Tx: CCB = DOC; nitrates PRN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

stable angina

A

substernal CP d/t exertion 2/2 CAD

RFs: DM (CAD equivalent), Hyperlipidemia, smoking, HTN, male, >65 yo, fhx CAD, obese

Sx: substernal nonpleuritic CP +/- radiation lasting <30 min and relieved with rest or nitrates; d/t fixed artery stenosis

Angina equivalent: dyspnea, epigastric pain, shoulder pain

Dx:
EKG: St depression with exertion, T wave inversion, poor R wave progression, or normal
Stress test
Coronary angiography: GOLD STANDARD for definitive dx

Tx:
Pharm: nitrates, BB, CCB, ASA
Revascularization: PTCA, PCI, CABG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

MC in young F with Marfan / Ehlers Danlos

Sx: 
MC asx
-autonomic dysfct: CP, panic attacks; arrhythmia --> fatigue, palpitaitons, syncope, dizziness
-progression: fatigue, dyspnea, PND, CHF
-stroke, endocarditis, PVCs

Murmur: midsystolic ejection click at apex; may have midsystolic murmur of MR too

PE:
-narrow AP diameter, thin, HoTN, scoliosis, pectus excacatum

Tx: BB for autonomic dysfct, reasurrance in asx or mild sx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

CHF

A

Acute decompensated HF with worsening of baseline sx characterized by pulmonary congestion, sympathetic activation, or CXR findings

CXR findings:

  • cephalization of flow: increased vascular flow –> inc pulmonary venous pressure; seen when Pul capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) 12-18 mmHg (normal 6-12)
  • Kerley B lines: linear markings in periphery of lower lung fields when PCWP 18-25 mmHg

Tx:
LMNOP: Lasix, Morphine, Nitrates, Oxygen, Position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

rosacea

A

Et: unclear; persistent vasomotor instability with lesion formation

Triggers: EtOH, increased temp, hot drinks; hot / cold weather, hot baths, spicy food

Sx:

  • acne-like rash with erythema, flushing, telengiectasia, skin thickening, papulopustules with burning and stinging
  • absence of comedones distinguishes it from acne!

Tx: topical flagyl 1st line +/- clinidine for flushing; avoid triggers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

MC skin cancer; MC in fair-skinned with prolonged sun exposure, xeroderma

Slow growing with low invidence of mets

Sx:
flat firm airea with small raised translucent / pearly / waxy papule with central ulceration and raised rolled borders; friable +/- telengiectasia

Dx: punch / shave biopsy –> basophilic cells

Tx: electric desiccation / curettage = TOC or Mohs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Oral Candidiasis

A

dd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lice

A

LL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Kaposi Sarcoma

A

KK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Psoriasis

A

PP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Contact Dermatitis

A

CC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A

DK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pseudogou

A

PP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Subacute Thyroiditis

A

ST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pituitary adenoma

A

PA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

DI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Serous Otitis Media

A

SOM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Optic Neuritis

A

ON

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Allergic Rhinitis

A

AR

25
Q

Cerumen Impaction

A

CI

26
Q

Retinal Detachment

A

RD

27
Q

Anal Fissure

A

AF

28
Q

Esophageal Achalasia

A

EA

29
Q

Stomach CA

A

SCA

30
Q

Acute Pancreatitis

A

AP

31
Q

Alcoholic Liver dz

A

ALD

32
Q

Cirrhosis

A

C

33
Q

B12 Deficiency

A

B12

34
Q

Infectious Diarrhea

A

ID

35
Q

Intracranial Hemorrhage

A

ICH

36
Q

MS

A

MS

37
Q

CVA

A

CVA

38
Q

Metabolic Encephalopathy

A

ME

39
Q

Neurocysticercosis

A

NC

40
Q

Menopause

A

M

41
Q

Trichomonas

A

Trich

42
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

F

43
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

OA

44
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

RA

45
Q

Tobacco Cessation

A

TC

46
Q

Aspiration Pneumonia

A

AP

47
Q

CO Poisoning

A

CO

48
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A

CB

49
Q

Influenza

A

I

50
Q

Sarcoidosis

A

S

51
Q

Bacterial Pneumonia

A

BP

52
Q

PE

A

PE

53
Q

TB

A

TB

54
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Respirations

A

CSR

55
Q

Prostate CA

A

PCA

56
Q

BPH

A

BPH

57
Q

Cystitis

A

cys

58
Q

ARF

A

ARF

59
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

Ne

PACKRAT 2 misses (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions