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Patho- Kidney Packet One > Packet One - Kidney Overview > Flashcards

Packet One - Kidney Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney Functions 6

A 
Excretes wastes & foreign substances
Maintain blood pH, osmolarity, glucose 
Regulation of:
blood/ECF ionic composition
blood volume
blood pressure
Acts as endocrine organ
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2
Q

Kidney acts as an endocrine organ by:

A

making renin, calcitriols, secreting renin

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3
Q

The kidneys are _______ on the posterior wall of the abdomen

A

retroperitoneal

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4
Q

Urine flows from the kidney to the _____ _____ through the _____
Urine is stored in the bladder until it is eliminated from the body via the _____

A

urinary bladder
ureters
urethra

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5
Q

At rest, the kidneys receive _____% of resting cardiac output via the ____ _____ which branch off the abdominal aorta.
Most of this blood flows through the ____ _____
and then the ____ capillaries

A

20-25%
renal arteries
Glomerular capillaries
peritubular

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6
Q

The filtered blood returns to the systemic circulation via the ____ ____ which empty into the inferior vena cava

A

renal veins

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7
Q

Where does filtration of blood occur?

A

Glomerular capillaries

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8
Q

Generally, where does reabsorption and secretion occur?

A

peritubular capillaries

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9
Q

Arteriole capillaries that allow Glomerular capillaries to maintain higher pressure than other capillaries in the body?

A

afferent and efferent arterioles

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10
Q

Which is required for adequate filtration of blood: High or low GC pressure?

A

High GC pressure

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11
Q

Sympathetic vasomotor nerves and local (kidney) factors help regulate:

A

GC blood flow & pressure

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12
Q

Part of the nephron that performs the first step of filtering blood is:

A

glomerulus

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13
Q

A glomerulus receives its blood supply from an _____ arteriole of the renal circulation

A

afferent

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14
Q

The glomerulus drains into an ____ arteriole rather than a venule

A

efferent

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15
Q

A glomerulus and its surrounding Bowman’s capsule constitute a ____ _____, the basic filtration unit of the kidney.

A

renal corpuscle

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16
Q

The rate at which blood is filtered through all of the glomeruli, and thus the measure of the overall renal function, is the _____ _____ _____.

A

glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

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17
Q

The _______ contain negatively charge coat (glycocalyx) that limits filtration of negatively charge molecules such as serum albumin

A

Podocytes

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18
Q

GFR = Kf [(PGC – PBS) – σ(πGC – πBS)]

A 
`Kf= filtration coefficient
PGC= Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillary
PBS= Hydrostatic pressure in bowman’s space
σ= Reflection coefficient
πGC= Oncotic pressure in glomerular capillary
πBS = Oncotic pressure in bowman’s space
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19
Q

The nephron performs 3 Basic Processes:

A

Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion

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20
Q

Functional Unit of the Kidney

A

Nephron

21
Q

Blood-plasma filtered to produce filtrate is known as

A

Glomerular Filtration

22
Q

Substances transported from the filtrate back to the blood-plasma: this process is known as

A

Reabsorption

23
Q

Substances transported from the blood-plasma to filtrate is known as

A

Secretion

24
Q

processed filtrate becomes urine which is transported to the bladder then excreted from the body is known as

A

Excretion

25
Q

Excretion = Filtration + Secretion - ______

A

Reabsorption

26
Q

Two major nephrons of the kidney

A

cortical and juxtamedullary nephron

27
Q

80-85% of the ~ 1 million nephrons are ____ nephrons. Renal corpuscles are in outer cortex and loops of Henle are near the cortex

A

cortical

28
Q

15-20% of nephrons are _____ nephrons with renal corpuscles close to medulla and long loops of Henle extend deep into medulla with ___ ____ enabling the formation of dilute or concentrated urine

A

juxtamedullary

vasa recta

29
Q

_____ of bowman’s capsule are specialized to help produce the filtrate of plasma

A

Podocytes

30
Q

help regulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

Mesangial cells

31
Q

Podocytes & Mesangial cells surround different parts of the glomerular capillaries and form the ____ layer of Bowman’s capsule

A

visceral

32
Q

_____ layer cells contain the filtrate and channel it toward the proximate tubule

A

Parietal

33
Q

The Filtration Membrane has 3 layers:

A

Endothelial Cells
Basement Membrane
Podocytes

34
Q

Water and small molecules can easily pass through the filtration membrane but ____ cells and most ___ ____ cannot

A

blood

plasma proteins

35
Q

Cells of the proximal tubule are specialized for _____ and have an elaborate brush border to increase the ____ surface area

A

reabsorption

apical

36
Q

Nearly 100% of glucose, amino acids and other nutrients; and ~ 60-80% of water and salts are reabsorbed in the ___ _____

A

proximal tubule

37
Q

Histology of the Proximal Tubule: 5

A 
simple cuboidal
microvilli on luminal (apical) side
Basal-end faces the basal lamina 
Tight junctions 
Large number of mitochondria (provides energy for active transport)
38
Q

Cells of the Loop of Henle are specialized for ____ _____ and transport.
They help to produce the osmotic concentration gradient necessary to produce _____ urine

A

selective permeability

concentrated

39
Q

Histology of the Descending Limb : 4

A

simple squamous epithelium
fewer microvilli on the luminal (apical) surface
fewer mitochondria

Permeable to water due to aquaporin water channels in both the apical and basolateral membranes

40
Q

Histology of the Ascending Limb

A

simple columnar epithelial cells
not water permeable- Cells lack aquaporins on apical surface
apical and basolateral membranes have many transmembrane ion transport molecules

41
Q

Ascending Limb reabsorbs:

A

Na+ and K+ as well as Cl-

42
Q

Ascending Limb ______ co-transporters sensitive to _____

A

Na-K-Cl

Furosemide

43
Q

Some cells of the Distal tubule and collecting ducts respond to hormones such as:

A

Aldosterone, ADH, ANP, PTH & others

44
Q

Histology of the Distal Tubule

A

Simple cuboidal
small number of microvilli on apical surface
Large numbers of mitochondria for the active reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-

45
Q

sodium-chloride symporter of Distal tubule are sensitive to:

A

Thiazide

46
Q

Histology of the Collecting Duct

A

Few microvilli on apical membrane

mitochondria for active reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- ; K+ secretion

47
Q

reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- ; K+ secretion in the collecting duct is regulated by:

A

aldosterone

48
Q

Both DT and CD cells are ___ sensitive

A

ADH

49
Q

______ hormone stimulates increase of aquaporins on apical membrane increasing the water permeability of collecting duct

A

antidiuretic

Patho- Kidney Packet One (1 decks)

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