Packet 1

Question 1

When taking cultures from skin, perineum, oropharynx, nose, ears, eyes and throat be aware of colonization vs ___________

Answer 1

Infection

Question 2

What negative event can happen to babies if their mother is taking sulfonamides?

Answer 2

Neonates Kernicterus

Question 3

What negative event can happen to babies if their mother is taking Chloramphenicol?

Answer 3

Gray baby syndrome - due to lack of UDP-glucuronyl transferase enzyme which helps in the metabolism of the drug.

Question 4

In elderly patients hepatic toxicity may manifest with administration of ___________.

Answer 4

isoniazid

Question 5

If a patient has an inherited metabolic abnormalities such as G6PDH deficiency, drugs such as sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid, antimalarials, dapsone, and chloramphenicaon can cause ________________.

Answer 5

Hemolytic anemia

Question 6

If a patient has an inherited metabolic abnormality such as slow acetylation, _________ can cause peripheral neuropathy.

Answer 6

isoniazid

Question 7

What is the most likely cause of bacteremia from the urinary tract?

Answer 7

Gram-negative bacilli

Question 8

What is the most likely cause of bateremia from IV catheter?

Answer 8

Staphylococcus

Question 9

If the drug elimination is by the kidneys, __________ clearance should be determined by cockcroft and fault equation.

Answer 9

creatine

Question 10

Considerations should be taken into time-dependent killing. Frequent small doses are necessary for time dependent drugs. What is an example of this?

Answer 10

Beta-lactams

Question 11

What facilitates the penetration of many antibiotics?

Answer 11

Inflammation (needed)

Question 12

What drug has the ability to reach proper concentrations in prostatic fluids (pH= 6.4) due to its non-ionized state in the plasma?

Answer 12

Trimethoprim

Question 13

When does CNS toxicity occur?

Answer 13

When dose is not adjusted for renal dysfunctions

Question 14

Give some examples of classes of drugs that cause nephrotoxicity.

Answer 14

Aminoglycosides and Vancomycin

Question 15

Give some examples of drugs that cause Ototoxicity.

Answer 15

Aminoglycosides and erythromycin

Question 16

What are some drugs that cause photosensitivity?

Answer 16

Azithromycin, Quinolones, Tetracyclines, Pyrazinamide, Sulfamethoxazole, and Trimethoprim

Question 17

What is empiric therapy?

Answer 17

Aka: “Umbrella therapy” - A broad spectrum antimicrobial or a combination of agents is used that will be effective against the most likely organism (before the infective agent is actually known.)

Question 18

A headache, rigid neck and sensitivity to light may indicate symptoms of _____________.

Answer 18

meningitis

Question 19

T/F - The selection of a drug is determined by the site of infection, patient history (hospital or community acquired), travel history and age.

Answer 19

true

Question 20

Bacteriostatic drug definition

Answer 20

Drugs that arrest the growth and replication of bacteria at serum levels achievable in the patient thus limiting the spread of infection. Body’s immune system attacks and eliminates the pathogens

Question 21

Bactericidal drug definition

Answer 21

These agents kill the bacteria. Therefore, the total number of viable organisms decrease

Question 22

Some drugs like ________________, may be bactericidal to one organism and bacteriostatic to another.

Answer 22

Chloramphenicol

Bacteriostatic to gram-negative rods
Bactericidal to pneumococci

Question 23

When are intrathecal injections likely used?

Answer 23

For meningeal infections when the agents does not cross the Blood brain barrier.

Question 24

Narrow spectrum drugs

Answer 24

agents that only act on a single or a limited group of organisms

Question 25

Extended spectrum drugs

Answer 25

active against gram-positive and a number of gram-negative bacteria

Question 26

Broad spectrum drugs

Answer 26

Active against a wide range of organisms. These drugs may alter the nature of normal bacterial flora and can result in super infections such as candida infections.

Question 27

What are 2 examples of broad spectrum drugs?

Answer 27

Tetracycline and chloramphenicol

Question 28

What is resistance?

Answer 28

If the bacterial growth is still not halted when the maximal level of antibiotic tolerated by the host is used. Spontaneous mutations of DNA can cause drug resistance as well as altered expression of proteins that include modification of target sites, decreased accumulation, and enzymatic inactivation.