Packet 1 Flashcards
When taking cultures from skin, perineum, oropharynx, nose, ears, eyes and throat be aware of colonization vs ___________
Infection
What negative event can happen to babies if their mother is taking sulfonamides?
Neonates Kernicterus
What negative event can happen to babies if their mother is taking Chloramphenicol?
Gray baby syndrome - due to lack of UDP-glucuronyl transferase enzyme which helps in the metabolism of the drug.
In elderly patients hepatic toxicity may manifest with administration of ___________.
isoniazid
If a patient has an inherited metabolic abnormalities such as G6PDH deficiency, drugs such as sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid, antimalarials, dapsone, and chloramphenicaon can cause ________________.
Hemolytic anemia
If a patient has an inherited metabolic abnormality such as slow acetylation, _________ can cause peripheral neuropathy.
isoniazid
What is the most likely cause of bacteremia from the urinary tract?
Gram-negative bacilli
What is the most likely cause of bateremia from IV catheter?
Staphylococcus
If the drug elimination is by the kidneys, __________ clearance should be determined by cockcroft and fault equation.
creatine
Considerations should be taken into time-dependent killing. Frequent small doses are necessary for time dependent drugs. What is an example of this?
Beta-lactams
What facilitates the penetration of many antibiotics?
Inflammation (needed)
What drug has the ability to reach proper concentrations in prostatic fluids (pH= 6.4) due to its non-ionized state in the plasma?
Trimethoprim
When does CNS toxicity occur?
When dose is not adjusted for renal dysfunctions
Give some examples of classes of drugs that cause nephrotoxicity.
Aminoglycosides and Vancomycin
Give some examples of drugs that cause Ototoxicity.
Aminoglycosides and erythromycin
What are some drugs that cause photosensitivity?
Azithromycin, Quinolones, Tetracyclines, Pyrazinamide, Sulfamethoxazole, and Trimethoprim
What is empiric therapy?
Aka: “Umbrella therapy” - A broad spectrum antimicrobial or a combination of agents is used that will be effective against the most likely organism (before the infective agent is actually known.)
A headache, rigid neck and sensitivity to light may indicate symptoms of _____________.
meningitis
T/F - The selection of a drug is determined by the site of infection, patient history (hospital or community acquired), travel history and age.
true
Bacteriostatic drug definition
Drugs that arrest the growth and replication of bacteria at serum levels achievable in the patient thus limiting the spread of infection. Body’s immune system attacks and eliminates the pathogens
Bactericidal drug definition
These agents kill the bacteria. Therefore, the total number of viable organisms decrease
Some drugs like ________________, may be bactericidal to one organism and bacteriostatic to another.
Chloramphenicol
Bacteriostatic to gram-negative rods
Bactericidal to pneumococci
When are intrathecal injections likely used?
For meningeal infections when the agents does not cross the Blood brain barrier.
Narrow spectrum drugs
agents that only act on a single or a limited group of organisms
Extended spectrum drugs
active against gram-positive and a number of gram-negative bacteria
Broad spectrum drugs
Active against a wide range of organisms. These drugs may alter the nature of normal bacterial flora and can result in super infections such as candida infections.
What are 2 examples of broad spectrum drugs?
Tetracycline and chloramphenicol
What is resistance?
If the bacterial growth is still not halted when the maximal level of antibiotic tolerated by the host is used. Spontaneous mutations of DNA can cause drug resistance as well as altered expression of proteins that include modification of target sites, decreased accumulation, and enzymatic inactivation.
