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HLTHPSYC122 > Pack 2 definitions > Flashcards

Pack 2 definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the flow diagram of memory

A 
Memory
Short term (Sensory >1sec + working >1min) + Long term (Explicit + implicit)
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2
Q

Processes of memory

A

Encoding storage and retrieval

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3
Q

Define encoding

A

Transforming external events or internal thoughts into memory

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4
Q

How are long term memories encoded

PEECLS

A

Perception, encoding, engram, consolidation, long term potentiation, storage

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5
Q

Depths of encoding

A

Semantic (meaning) phonemic (sounds like) and structural (letters/physical)

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6
Q

Define storage

A

Retaining information in memory

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7
Q

STM

A

Short term memory

Sensory and working

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8
Q

Types of short term memory

A

Iconic (0.5sec) eyes
Echoic (3-4sec) ears
Haptic (<1 sec) hands

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9
Q

Working memory definition

A

temporary capacity to hold information, i.e. chunking (instead of 0275059117, 027-505-9117)

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10
Q

Types of working memory

A

Auditory rehearsal, visual spatial sketchpad, central executive

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11
Q

LTM

A

Long term memory

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12
Q

Types of long term memory

A

Explicit (semantic and episodic)

Implicit (procedural, priming, conditioning, habituation)

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13
Q

Difference between explicit and implicit

A

Explicit, facts events beliefs, we recall intentionally

Implicit, knowing how, unconscious

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14
Q

Procedural

A

How to do things i.e. motor skills

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15
Q

Priming

A

Identify stimulus easier 2nd time

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16
Q

Conditioning/habituation

A

Forms of unconscious learning

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17
Q

How does long term memory oocur?

A

Neural pathway change, engram

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18
Q

Where are memories about emotions stored

A

Amygdala

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19
Q

Where are habits formed

A

Striatum

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20
Q

Where are semantic memories/ consolidation of memories

A

Hippocampus

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21
Q

Where are procedural memories stored

A

Cerebellum

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22
Q

Define retrieval

A

Bringing to mind from memory

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23
Q

Recall

A

Generate a mental representation of information that is absent

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24
Q

Recognition

A

Noticing stimuli is like a prior one

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25
Q

Reconstruction

A

Piecing together memories based on information that is recalled

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26
Q

Factors that effect LTM retrieval

A

Stress/memory
Flashbulb memories
Serial position
Context

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27
Q

Stress & memory

A

Too stressed won’t remember, not stressed enough, won’t remember

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28
Q

Flashbulb memories & retrieval

A

Detailed memories of dramatic events, emotionally charged, learn about events after they happen

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29
Q

Serial position and retrieval

A

Primary effect - First items recalled better

Recency effect - last items recalled better

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30
Q

Context and retrieval

A

Environment & state cues to recall memories

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31
Q

Causes of forgetting

A 
Failure to encode
Decay
Interference
Retrieval failure
Motivated forgetting
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32
Q

Failure to encode

A

Does not get enough attention/rehearsal to go into LTM

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33
Q

Decay

A

Memory fades over time

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34
Q

Interference

A

Confusion with similar memories, competing information etc

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35
Q

Retrieval failure

A

Inability to find necessary retrieval cue

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36
Q

Motivated forgetting

A

Forgot what don’t want to think about

trauma etc

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37
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

Lack of explicit memory for first 3 years of life

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38
Q

Memory at birth

A

Developments in perception, neurology and cognitive processes, including memory

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39
Q

Memory in infancy (0-1yrs)

A

Implicit memory
Object permanence
Recognition not recall

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40
Q

Memory in toddlers (2-3yrs)

A

Implicit Semantic and episodic memory forming
Recall names objects and places
Language
Mainly recognition over recall

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41
Q

Memory in early childhood (3-6yrs)

A

Significant improvement due to attention, language, information processing etc
Remember things they did better than things they saw

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42
Q

Memory in middle childhood (6-10yrs)

A

Own understanding of memory
Mnemonics
External aids
Rehearsal

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43
Q

Define mnemonics

A

Devices to assist memory

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44
Q

Causes of memory issues in childhood

A 
ADHD
Epilepsy
Trauma
FASD
Cerebrovascular events
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45
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Misleading information incorporated after the event

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46
Q

False memory

A

Recollections that feel real but are not

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47
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Skills depending on knowledge, judgment and social skills, semantic and procedural memories

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48
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Information processing skills
Speed of info analysis
Working memory capacity

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49
Q

Memory in adults (20-60)

A 
Peaks in 20s
Working memory diminishes 
Retrieval difficulty 
Multitasking is difficult
Focusing is difficult
Need more time for processing
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50
Q

Memory compensation

A

More time needed for processing

51
Q

Does crystallized or fluid intelligence decrease more

A

Fluid

52
Q

Dementia

A

Set of progressive disorders marked by disturbance of higher cognitive function

53
Q

Cerebrovascular dementia

A

Strokes lead to dementia

54
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

50% of all dementia
Sporadic - no family history, late onset
Familial - early onset, genetic

55
Q

Mild cognitive impairment

A

Precursor to dementia/Alzheimer’s, increases risk of such diseases

56
Q

Alzheimer’s protection factors

A

Education, physical activity, diet, anti-inflammatory drugs

57
Q

Alzheimer’s risk factors

A 
Stroke
High BP
Obesity & diabetes
Smoking
Depression/chronic stress
Head trauma
58
Q

Define social psychology

A

Study of people influencing other’s behaviors, beliefs and attitudes

59
Q

Social cognition

A

Process where people select, interpret and remember social information

60
Q

Social perception

A

People come to understand behaviour of others

61
Q

Social influence

A

obedience/conformity etc

62
Q

Social interaction

A

Processes at play in interaction with others (prejudice, aggression, attraction

63
Q

Types of social influence

A

Obedience
Conformity
Social roles
Bystander effect

64
Q

Obedience

A

Adherence to instructions from higher authority

65
Q

Milgram’s obedience study (1960s)

A

Electric shock test on incorrect answer

66
Q

Situational influences on obedience

A

Proximity of learner (closer to victim, less likely to do it)
Touch proximity
Proximity to experimenter (more likely to obey if they were in same room

67
Q

Normative influences

A

Group effects arising from individual’s desire to be liked

68
Q

Informational influences

A

Group effects from individual’s desire to be correct

69
Q

Conformity

A

Tendency of people to alter their behavior in result of group pressure

70
Q

Asch’s study

A

Length of string experiment

71
Q

Social influences on conformity

A

Uniformity of agreement
Culture
Group size

72
Q

Social roles

A

E.g. parents

73
Q

Social rules

A

Unspoken guidelines

74
Q

Deindividuation

A

Playing someone they are not (prison experiment) more likely to conform

75
Q

Bystander effect

A

Less likely to help if you are 1 of 100 witnesses

76
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

“Someone else will help them”

77
Q

Features of secure attachment

A

Intensified by anxiety
Reduces anxiety in stressful situations
Separation causes anxiety
Secure base

78
Q

Patterns of attachment

A

Secure
Insecure avoidant
Insecure anxious/ambivalent
Disorganized

79
Q

Insecure avoidant

A

Infants indifferent to departure

Low parental responsiveness

80
Q

Insecure anxious/ambivalent

A

Distress at departure, parental responsiveness inconsistent

81
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

Depressed, confused, unresponsive

82
Q

Factors that impact development of attachment

A 
Quality of care giving 
Child temperament
Family context
Culture
Opportunity for relationship
83
Q

Types of child temperament

A

Bold/uninhibited, Shy/inhibited

84
Q

Outcomes of child abuse

A

Erratic behavior, violent, self destructive, risky behavior, antisocial behavior

85
Q

Outline ACE study mechanism

A

Adverse child experiences, looks at all events and then outcomes on health

86
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

Lack of explicit memory for events before the age of 3yrs

87
Q

Define emotions

A

A set of mechanisms that work to inform, motivate and organize an organism’s response to changes in perception of the environment.

88
Q

Classes of emotion

A

Antecedent focused emotion regulation and response focused emotion regulation

89
Q

Define mental health

A

A state in which a person can cope with stressors, work productively, contribute their community and realize their own potential

90
Q

Define mental illness

A

A set of clinically identifiable symptoms that impact the functioning of major areas of one’s life

91
Q

Types of mental illness diagnostic systems

A

DSM-5 & ICD-10

92
Q

Mood disorder

A

Mood lasts longer than emotions, can spike to hypo-manic or dip to Dysthymic

93
Q

Types of mood disorders

A

Major depression, mania/hypo-mania (bipolar)

94
Q

Outline depression in behavioral, cognitive and biological models

A

behavioral - Low rate of response contingent positive reinforcement
Cognitive - Beliefs impact interpretation of situations and lead to an alternative response
Biological - reduced neurotransmitter activity

95
Q

Types of anxiety disorders

A

Phobias, panic disorder, social anxiety, GAD

96
Q

Phobia

A

Irrational fear of object or situation

97
Q

Panic disorder

A

Intense attacks of fear and terror that are not justified by the situation

98
Q

Social anxiety

A

A persistent fear of social performance

99
Q

GAD

A

Generalized anxiety disorder, worry about worry and everything else

100
Q

Main psychotic disorder

A

Schizophrenia

101
Q

Types of personality disorders

A

Cluster A - odd and eccentric
Cluster B - dramatic and erratic
Cluster C - fearful

102
Q

Behavioral models of mental disorder

A

Operant and classical conditioning

103
Q

Cognitive model of mental disorder

A

Stressor -> appraisal -> coping

104
Q

Maori model of mental health

A

Social, physical, emotional and spiritual well being

105
Q

5P model

A

Predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating, presenting, (protective working other way)

106
Q

Humanistic therapy

A

Works of empathy, and maslows hierarchy of needs

107
Q

CBT

A

Cognitive behavioral therapy, active cognitive restructuring of response to thoughts

108
Q

Insight orientated therapy

A

Helps to be OK with intrusive or unwanted thoughts and learn why we may have them

109
Q

Biological therapies for mental illness

A

Anti-depressants, anti-psychotics, brain stimulation and psycho-surgery

110
Q

Infant mental health

A

The ability of a <3yr old to experience, expressive and regulate emotions, form relationships, and learn

111
Q

ASD

A

Autism spectrum disorder [GENETIC COMPONENT]

Deficits in social communication/interaction
Restricted/repetitive behaviors
Under or over sensitive to stimulus
Language delay

112
Q

ADHD

A

Attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder

Impulsive and inattentive, if not addressed early it can become more prevalent in adolescent years

113
Q

Heckman curve

A

addressing mental health as early as possible creates the best result in later years

114
Q

Conduct disorder

A

Poor behavior/social inappropriateness

115
Q

Health belief model

A

Perceived susceptibility, severity, barriers and benefits, along with cues to action and self efficacy

116
Q

Theory of planned behavior

A

Your control, attitude and perceived social norm create your response

117
Q

SAM system

A

Sympathetic adrenal medullary system

118
Q

HPA axis

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary adrencortical system

119
Q

Yerkes Dodson law

A

Too much stress or too little stress is bad

120
Q

GAS

A

General adaption syndrome, exhibits recovery to normal physiology after resisting a stress

121
Q

Primary appraisal

A

Person evaluates whether the stress is benign or irrelevant

122
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

Person evaluates options and decides how to respond

123
Q

Anterograde/retrograde amnesia

A

Anterograde amnesia - cannot form new memories

Retrograde amnesia - cannot remember the past

124
Q

Memory techniques

A 
Primary/recency effect
Repetition
Stress key points
Explicit categorization
Concrete statements
Simplification

HLTHPSYC122 (2 decks)

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