Pack 2 definitions Flashcards
Outline the flow diagram of memory
Memory Short term (Sensory >1sec + working >1min) + Long term (Explicit + implicit)
Processes of memory
Encoding storage and retrieval
Define encoding
Transforming external events or internal thoughts into memory
How are long term memories encoded
PEECLS
Perception, encoding, engram, consolidation, long term potentiation, storage
Depths of encoding
Semantic (meaning) phonemic (sounds like) and structural (letters/physical)
Define storage
Retaining information in memory
STM
Short term memory
Sensory and working
Types of short term memory
Iconic (0.5sec) eyes
Echoic (3-4sec) ears
Haptic (<1 sec) hands
Working memory definition
temporary capacity to hold information, i.e. chunking (instead of 0275059117, 027-505-9117)
Types of working memory
Auditory rehearsal, visual spatial sketchpad, central executive
LTM
Long term memory
Types of long term memory
Explicit (semantic and episodic)
Implicit (procedural, priming, conditioning, habituation)
Difference between explicit and implicit
Explicit, facts events beliefs, we recall intentionally
Implicit, knowing how, unconscious
Procedural
How to do things i.e. motor skills
Priming
Identify stimulus easier 2nd time
Conditioning/habituation
Forms of unconscious learning
How does long term memory oocur?
Neural pathway change, engram
Where are memories about emotions stored
Amygdala
Where are habits formed
Striatum
Where are semantic memories/ consolidation of memories
Hippocampus
Where are procedural memories stored
Cerebellum
Define retrieval
Bringing to mind from memory
Recall
Generate a mental representation of information that is absent
Recognition
Noticing stimuli is like a prior one
Reconstruction
Piecing together memories based on information that is recalled
Factors that effect LTM retrieval
Stress/memory
Flashbulb memories
Serial position
Context
Stress & memory
Too stressed won’t remember, not stressed enough, won’t remember
Flashbulb memories & retrieval
Detailed memories of dramatic events, emotionally charged, learn about events after they happen
Serial position and retrieval
Primary effect - First items recalled better
Recency effect - last items recalled better
Context and retrieval
Environment & state cues to recall memories
Causes of forgetting
Failure to encode Decay Interference Retrieval failure Motivated forgetting
Failure to encode
Does not get enough attention/rehearsal to go into LTM
Decay
Memory fades over time
Interference
Confusion with similar memories, competing information etc
Retrieval failure
Inability to find necessary retrieval cue
Motivated forgetting
Forgot what don’t want to think about
trauma etc
Infantile amnesia
Lack of explicit memory for first 3 years of life
Memory at birth
Developments in perception, neurology and cognitive processes, including memory
Memory in infancy (0-1yrs)
Implicit memory
Object permanence
Recognition not recall
Memory in toddlers (2-3yrs)
Implicit Semantic and episodic memory forming
Recall names objects and places
Language
Mainly recognition over recall
Memory in early childhood (3-6yrs)
Significant improvement due to attention, language, information processing etc
Remember things they did better than things they saw
Memory in middle childhood (6-10yrs)
Own understanding of memory
Mnemonics
External aids
Rehearsal
Define mnemonics
Devices to assist memory
Causes of memory issues in childhood
ADHD Epilepsy Trauma FASD Cerebrovascular events
Misinformation effect
Misleading information incorporated after the event
False memory
Recollections that feel real but are not
Crystallized intelligence
Skills depending on knowledge, judgment and social skills, semantic and procedural memories
Fluid intelligence
Information processing skills
Speed of info analysis
Working memory capacity
Memory in adults (20-60)
Peaks in 20s Working memory diminishes Retrieval difficulty Multitasking is difficult Focusing is difficult Need more time for processing
Memory compensation
More time needed for processing
Does crystallized or fluid intelligence decrease more
Fluid
Dementia
Set of progressive disorders marked by disturbance of higher cognitive function
Cerebrovascular dementia
Strokes lead to dementia
Alzheimer’s disease
50% of all dementia
Sporadic - no family history, late onset
Familial - early onset, genetic
Mild cognitive impairment
Precursor to dementia/Alzheimer’s, increases risk of such diseases
Alzheimer’s protection factors
Education, physical activity, diet, anti-inflammatory drugs
Alzheimer’s risk factors
Stroke High BP Obesity & diabetes Smoking Depression/chronic stress Head trauma
Define social psychology
Study of people influencing other’s behaviors, beliefs and attitudes
Social cognition
Process where people select, interpret and remember social information
Social perception
People come to understand behaviour of others
Social influence
obedience/conformity etc
Social interaction
Processes at play in interaction with others (prejudice, aggression, attraction
Types of social influence
Obedience
Conformity
Social roles
Bystander effect
Obedience
Adherence to instructions from higher authority
Milgram’s obedience study (1960s)
Electric shock test on incorrect answer
Situational influences on obedience
Proximity of learner (closer to victim, less likely to do it)
Touch proximity
Proximity to experimenter (more likely to obey if they were in same room
Normative influences
Group effects arising from individual’s desire to be liked
Informational influences
Group effects from individual’s desire to be correct
Conformity
Tendency of people to alter their behavior in result of group pressure
Asch’s study
Length of string experiment
Social influences on conformity
Uniformity of agreement
Culture
Group size
Social roles
E.g. parents
Social rules
Unspoken guidelines
Deindividuation
Playing someone they are not (prison experiment) more likely to conform
Bystander effect
Less likely to help if you are 1 of 100 witnesses
Diffusion of responsibility
“Someone else will help them”
Features of secure attachment
Intensified by anxiety
Reduces anxiety in stressful situations
Separation causes anxiety
Secure base
Patterns of attachment
Secure
Insecure avoidant
Insecure anxious/ambivalent
Disorganized
Insecure avoidant
Infants indifferent to departure
Low parental responsiveness
Insecure anxious/ambivalent
Distress at departure, parental responsiveness inconsistent
Disorganized attachment
Depressed, confused, unresponsive
Factors that impact development of attachment
Quality of care giving Child temperament Family context Culture Opportunity for relationship
Types of child temperament
Bold/uninhibited, Shy/inhibited
Outcomes of child abuse
Erratic behavior, violent, self destructive, risky behavior, antisocial behavior
Outline ACE study mechanism
Adverse child experiences, looks at all events and then outcomes on health
Infantile amnesia
Lack of explicit memory for events before the age of 3yrs
Define emotions
A set of mechanisms that work to inform, motivate and organize an organism’s response to changes in perception of the environment.
Classes of emotion
Antecedent focused emotion regulation and response focused emotion regulation
Define mental health
A state in which a person can cope with stressors, work productively, contribute their community and realize their own potential
Define mental illness
A set of clinically identifiable symptoms that impact the functioning of major areas of one’s life
Types of mental illness diagnostic systems
DSM-5 & ICD-10
Mood disorder
Mood lasts longer than emotions, can spike to hypo-manic or dip to Dysthymic
Types of mood disorders
Major depression, mania/hypo-mania (bipolar)
Outline depression in behavioral, cognitive and biological models
behavioral - Low rate of response contingent positive reinforcement
Cognitive - Beliefs impact interpretation of situations and lead to an alternative response
Biological - reduced neurotransmitter activity
Types of anxiety disorders
Phobias, panic disorder, social anxiety, GAD
Phobia
Irrational fear of object or situation
Panic disorder
Intense attacks of fear and terror that are not justified by the situation
Social anxiety
A persistent fear of social performance
GAD
Generalized anxiety disorder, worry about worry and everything else
Main psychotic disorder
Schizophrenia
Types of personality disorders
Cluster A - odd and eccentric
Cluster B - dramatic and erratic
Cluster C - fearful
Behavioral models of mental disorder
Operant and classical conditioning
Cognitive model of mental disorder
Stressor -> appraisal -> coping
Maori model of mental health
Social, physical, emotional and spiritual well being
5P model
Predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating, presenting, (protective working other way)
Humanistic therapy
Works of empathy, and maslows hierarchy of needs
CBT
Cognitive behavioral therapy, active cognitive restructuring of response to thoughts
Insight orientated therapy
Helps to be OK with intrusive or unwanted thoughts and learn why we may have them
Biological therapies for mental illness
Anti-depressants, anti-psychotics, brain stimulation and psycho-surgery
Infant mental health
The ability of a <3yr old to experience, expressive and regulate emotions, form relationships, and learn
ASD
Autism spectrum disorder [GENETIC COMPONENT]
Deficits in social communication/interaction
Restricted/repetitive behaviors
Under or over sensitive to stimulus
Language delay
ADHD
Attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder
Impulsive and inattentive, if not addressed early it can become more prevalent in adolescent years
Heckman curve
addressing mental health as early as possible creates the best result in later years
Conduct disorder
Poor behavior/social inappropriateness
Health belief model
Perceived susceptibility, severity, barriers and benefits, along with cues to action and self efficacy
Theory of planned behavior
Your control, attitude and perceived social norm create your response
SAM system
Sympathetic adrenal medullary system
HPA axis
Hypothalamic-pituitary adrencortical system
Yerkes Dodson law
Too much stress or too little stress is bad
GAS
General adaption syndrome, exhibits recovery to normal physiology after resisting a stress
Primary appraisal
Person evaluates whether the stress is benign or irrelevant
Secondary appraisal
Person evaluates options and decides how to respond
Anterograde/retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia - cannot form new memories
Retrograde amnesia - cannot remember the past
Memory techniques
Primary/recency effect Repetition Stress key points Explicit categorization Concrete statements Simplification
