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AQA A-Level Biology A > Pack 2 - Cells > Flashcards

Pack 2 - Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell theory?

A
  1. The cell is the most basic unit of life
  2. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells

3, All cells arise from pre-existing, living cells

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2
Q

Define Eukaryote

A

An organism whose: -cells contain a true nucleus (surrounded by the nuclear membrane)

  • cells contain other membrane-bound organelles
  • genetic material (DNA) is contained within the nucleus and is organised in chromosomes
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3
Q

List 13 Parts of a Eukaryotic animal cell

A 
Mitochondrion
Ribosome
RER
SER
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Lysosome
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus:
 -Nucleolus
 -Chromatin
 -Nuclear pore
 -Nuclear envelope
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4
Q

Define intrinsic

A

Running through the membrane

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5
Q

Extrinsic

A

Outside the membrane

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6
Q

List 7 parts of a Eukaryotic plant cell that aren’t in an animal cell

A 
Filamentous cytoskeleton
Cell wall
Chloroplast
 -Thylakoid membrane
 -Starch grain
 Vacuole
  - Tonoplast
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7
Q

How would you describe the RER to the nuclear envelope?

A

Contiguous

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8
Q

Define cisternae

A

Hole inside a cavity

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9
Q

List 6 parts of a nucleus

A 
Nuclear envelope
 -RER
 -Cisternae
Nuclear pores
Chromatin
Nucleolus
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10
Q

What are the functions of a nuclear envelope?

A

Control entry and exit of substances

Contain reactions inside the nucleus

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11
Q

What is the function of nuclear pores?

A

Allow passage of large molecules out of the nucleus (eg. mRNA)

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12
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Manufactures rRNA

Assembles Ribosomes

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13
Q

Define protein bound

A

DNA wound around proteins called histones

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14
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

Large subunit

Small subunit

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15
Q

How are proteins synthesised in the ribosomes?

A

tRNA carrying amino acids - depends on which the mRNA calls for

mRNA carries the genetic information - each of which codes for a particular amino acid

rRNA associates with a set of proteins to form ribosomes

Multiple amino acids are strung together, creating proteins

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16
Q

Describe a prokaryotic ribosome

A

70S - around 20nm in diameter

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17
Q

Describe a eukaryotic ribosome

A

80s - around 25nm in diameter

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18
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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19
Q

What is the function of RER?

A

Pathway for transport of materials, especially proteins through the cell

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20
Q

What is the function of SER

A

Synthesises, stores and transports lipids

Synthesises, stores and stransports carbohydrates

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21
Q

How is the RER adapted to be particularly effective at protein synthesis

A

Large surfave area to volue ratio

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22
Q

Name 2 parts to the Golgi apparatus

A

Vesicles

Cisternae

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23
Q

Give 5 functions of the Golgi apparatus

A

Adds carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins

Produces secretory enzymes (eg in the pancreas)

Secretes carbohydrates (eg those used in plant cell walls)

Modifies/processes triglycerides
Combines triglycerides with proteins
Forms lysosomes

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24
Q

What is a Golgi vesicle?

A

A small, rounded, hollow structure
That transports substances to and from the Golgi apparatus.
Some of these are lysosomes.

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25
Q

What is the difference between a Golgi vesicle and a lysosome?

A

A lysosome is a vesicle that stays inside the cell.

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26
Q

How to vesicles leave and join organelles?

A

Pinch off

Fuse

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27
Q

Give 4 functions of lysosomes

A

Hydrolyse material engulfed by phagocytic cells

Release enzymes to the outside of the cell to destroy material around the cell (exocytosis)

Digest worn out organelles so that chemicals may be re-used

Completely break down cells after they have died (autolysis)

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28
Q

Give the approximate size of a lysosome

A

Up to 1μm in diameter

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29
Q

Define exocytosis

A

The release of enzymes to the outside of the cell to destroy material around the cell

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30
Q

Define autolysis

A

Completely breaking down cells after they have died

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31
Q

List 4 parts of a mitochondrion

A

Outer membrane

Inner membrane

Intermembrane space

Cristae

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32
Q

State 3 things about mitochondria

A

Rod shaped, 1-10μm in length

Site of aerobic respiration

Produce ATP

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33
Q

Why do mitochondria sometimes appear to be round in microscope images?

A

They look round when cut transversely

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34
Q

How is energy released from glucose?

A

Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration

Mitochondria require glucose in the manufacture of metabolic energy (or ATP)

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35
Q

What type of cell would have many mitochondria?

A

A metabolically active cell eg muscle (Contraction) or epithelial (Active Transport)

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36
Q

Why do tissues that perform active transport require a lot of mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration
Respiration produces ATP
ATP is needed for active transport

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37
Q

Why might someone with mitochondrial disease find exercise difficult?

A

Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration
Respiration produces ATP/releases energy
Energy/ATP is needed for muscle contraction

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38
Q

What does the energy do from respiration that results in ATP

A

ADP + P -> ATP

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39
Q

Name 12 parts of a chloroplast

A 
Ribosome
Plastoglobule
Internal membrane
Intermembrane space
External membrane
Granum
Chloroplast DNA
Stroma
Lamella
Lumen
Thylakoid membrane
Thylakoid
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40
Q

How long is a chloroplast?

A

2-10μm in length

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41
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast?

A

Site of photosynthesis

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42
Q

How is a chloroplast adapted to its function?

A 
Grana - large surface area to volume ratio for attachment of:
     - chlorophyll
     - electron carriers
     - enzymes
(for 1st stage of photosynthesis).

Stroma - contains enzymes
(for 2nd stage of photosynthesis).

DNA and ribosomes - for quick protein synthesis for photosynthesis

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43
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

Plants and algae

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44
Q

Name 2 parts of a vacuole

A

Vacuole

Tonoplast

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45
Q

Give 3 functions of a vacuole

A

Supports herbaceous plants by making cells turgid
Temporary food store (sugars and amino acids)
Pigments may colour petals to attract pollinating insects

46
Q

Name 7 parts of a plant cell wall

A 
Middle Lamella
Primary cell wall
Plasma membrane
Pectin
Cellulose microfibril
Hemicellulose
Soluble protein
47
Q

Give 3 functions of a plant cell wall

A

Provides mechanical strength to recent cells bursting due to reassure built up at water moves in by osmosis

Mechanical strength to the plant as a whole

Allows water to move along it, contributing to water movement through the plant

48
Q

What does the cell wall consist of in fungi (eukaryote)?

A

Chitin
Glycan
Glycoproteins

49
Q

What does the cell wall consist of in algae (eukaryote)?

A

Cellulose and/or

Glycoproteins

50
Q

Define homogenised

A

The same all the way through (the mixture)

51
Q

Define sediment

A

The contents of the bottom of a test tube after ultracentrifugation

52
Q

Define supernatant

A

The contents at the top of a test tube after ultracentrifugation

53
Q

Define ultracentrifugation

A

Spinning at a very high speed

10 mins 1,000G
10 mins 3,500G
10 mins 16,500G

54
Q

What would sediment 1 likely contain?

A

Nuclei

55
Q

What would sediment 2 likely contain?

A

Mitochondria

56
Q

What would sediment 3 likely contain?

A

Lysosomes

57
Q

What is left after sediment 3?

A

Ribosomes

58
Q

What is cell specialisation/differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell becomes specialised to perform a specific function

59
Q

Why do all cells in an organism contain the same genes?

A

They are all produced by mitosis from one fertilised egg

60
Q

Define tissue

A

A collection of similar cells that perform a specific function

61
Q

Define organ

A

An organ is a combination of tissues that perform one major function

62
Q

Define organ system

A

A number of organs working together

63
Q

Define squamous (epithelial tissues)

A

Flattened like a pancake

64
Q

Define cuboidal (epithelial tissues)

A

In a cube shape

65
Q

Define columnar (epithelial tissues)

A

In a column shape

66
Q

Define stratified (epithelial tissues)

A

Arranged like bricks

67
Q

Define pseudostratified columnar (epithelial tissues)

A

Looks stratified but is actually columnar

They are simply thicker at one end than the other

68
Q

Why are there 3 different types of stomach muscle?

A

To churn in all directions increasing digestion rate

69
Q

Name the 11 parts of the digestive system

A 
Salivary glands
Pharynx
Mouth
Oesophagus
Liver
Stomach
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus
70
Q

Name the 2 main parts of the circulatory system

A 
Heart
Blood vessels (containing blood)
71
Q

Name the 5 parts of the respiratory system

A 
Mouth and nose
Trachea
Bronchus
Lung
Diaphragm
72
Q

What is there a lack of in prokaryotic cells?

A

Compartmentalisation

73
Q

In what form is the genetic material in a prokaryotic cell?

A

A single molecule of “circular” DNA

74
Q

What 9 things make up a bacteria cell (prokaryotic)?

A 
Capsule
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Plasmid
Pili
Bacterial flagellum
Nucleoid (circular DNA)
75
Q

What are the 2 functions of a bacteria cell wall (prokaryotic)?

A

Physical barrier (excludes some substances)

Protects against mechanical damage and osmotic lysis

76
Q

What is the function of a bacterial cell surface membrane (prokaryotic)?

A

Differentially permeable layer; controls entry and exit of chemicals

77
Q

What is the function of the circular strand of DNA in bacterial cells (prokaryotic)?

A

Carries genetic information for replication of bacterial cells

78
Q

What is the function of the bacterial plasmid (prokaryote)?

A

Contains genes that aid survival (eg. antibiotic resistance)

79
Q

What are the 2 functions of a bacteria cell’s capsule (prokaryotic)?

A

Protects form other cells

Helps bacteria stick together for protection

80
Q

What is the function of bacterial flagellum (prokaryote)?

A

Locomotion

81
Q

What 7 things make up the HIV virus?

A 
Docking glycoprotein
Transmembrane glycoprotein
Lipid envelope
Matrix
Reverse transcriptase
RNA
Capsid
82
Q

What is the function of reverse transcriptase?

A

Copies the viral RNA back into DNA once inside the host cell

83
Q

Why are viruses described as particles rather than cells?

A

Viruses can only multiply/replicate inside living host cells and so are technically not living

84
Q

What is the formula triangle that links magnification, image size and object size (and units)?

A

D

A M u

85
Q

What do you do if there is a tricky image to measure but a scale bar is provided?

A

Measure the scale bar

86
Q

Define resolution

A

The shortest distance between two points that can still be distinguished by the observer

87
Q

Define magnification

A

How large the microscope can make the image appear to be

88
Q

What is the approximate resolution of the human eye?

A

0.2mm

89
Q

What is the approximate resolution of the light microscope?

A

0.2μm

90
Q

What is the approximate resolution of the best electron microscope?

A

0.1nm

91
Q

What are the 8 parts to a light microscope?

A 
Eyepiece lens
Revolving nose piece
Objective lenses
Coarse focus
Fine focus
Specimen stage
Condenser lens and diaphragm
Light source
92
Q

Describe the passage of light through a light microscope

A

Human eye

Eyepiece lenses
(Intermediate image)

Objective lenses
Object (specimen and slide)

Condenser lens
Light source

93
Q

Name two requirements for light microscopy specimens

A

Thin - for light to pass through and to only focus on one ‘layer’ of the cell

Selectively stained - as thin sections are often transparent and so cannot be seen normally

94
Q

What is an eyepiece graticule?

A

A disc that fits into the eyepiece lens of a light microscope

95
Q

What is a stage micrometer?

A

A glass microscope slide that is placed on the specimen stage of a light microscope

96
Q

How long does a stage micrometer scale measure?

A

1mm

97
Q

How many notches is a stage micrometer divided up into?

A

100

98
Q

How long is one notch on a stage micrometer?

A

10μm

99
Q

How do you calibrate an eyepiece graticule?

A

1) Insert and line up the stage micrometer
2) Find where they converge
3) Divide by number of units on eyepiece graticule scale

100
Q

How do you measure using an eyepiece graticule?

A

Simply multiply the value of one eyepiece unit by however many eyepiece units there are

101
Q

Describe the passage of electrons through a TEM

A

Electron source

Magnetic condenser

Object
Magnetic objective

Intermediate image

Magnetic projector
Fluorescent screen

102
Q

Describe the passage of electrons through an SEM

A

Electron source

Anode

Condenser lens

Scan coils

Objective lens
Secondary electron detector
Sample

103
Q

Define artefact (in light microscopy)

A

A structural detail caused by the preparation of a specimen and is thus not a legitimate feature of the specimen

104
Q

Give an example of an artefact in light microscopy

A

Air bubbles

105
Q

Give examples of electron microscope artefacts

A

Dust

Cracks in the specimen

Too thick a coating

Charging artefacts - Lines and black halos caused by electrons spilling up caused charges

106
Q

Which microscope can see living tissue?

A

Light

107
Q

Which electron microscope can see in 2D and which in 3D?

A

TEM - 2D

SEM - 3D

108
Q

What is the maximum magnification of a light microscope?

A

×1,500

109
Q

What is the maximum magnification of a transmission electron microscope?

A

×10,000,000

110
Q

What is the maximum magnification of a scanning electron microscope?

A

×500,000

111
Q

Which microscope can sometimes see in genuine colour?

A

Light microscope

AQA A-Level Biology A (5 decks)

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