Pack

Question 1

What bones make up the shoulder (pectoral) girdle?

Answer 1

The shoulder (pectoral) girdle consists of the scapula (and its articulation with the sternum) clavicle and the 1st costal cartilage.

Question 2

Which bone articulates with the scapula in the shoulder girdle?

Answer 2

The humerus articulates with the scapula.

Question 3

What is the articulation point of the clavicle in the shoulder girdle?

Answer 3

The clavicle articulates with the sternum.

Question 4

What two joints of the shoulder girdle allow the connection of the upper limb with the axial skeleton?

Answer 4

sternoclavicular and the acromioclavicular,

Question 5

What is the only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton?

Answer 5

The clavicle is the only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton

Question 6

How to Identify which scapula you’re looking at and from what position are you looking at it?

Answer 6

Look at the longest portion of the scapula and the acromion.

If the acromion is pointing towards you, then the side that the longest part of the scapula is pointing towards the opposite of the scapula.

Bc the acromion is pointing towards you, that means you are looking from behind.

Question 7

What are common locations for clavicle fractures?

Answer 7

Fractures of the clavicle usually occur in its middle third or outer third.

Question 8

What are common causes of clavicle fractures?

Answer 8

Clavicle fractures most commonly occur due to side impact injuries (car accidents) or a fall on an outstretched hand.

Question 9

What ligament may get torn in a clavicle fracture?

Answer 9

The coracoclavicular ligament may also get torn in a fracture involving the outer third of the clavicle.

Question 10

What happens to the medial fragment of the clavicle after a fracture?

Answer 10

The sternocleidomastoid muscle elevates the medial fragment of bone.

Question 11

Why does the shoulder drop after a clavicle fracture?

Answer 11

The trapezius muscle is unable to hold the lateral fragment up owing to the weight of the upper limb.

Question 12

What role does the coracoclavicular ligament play after a clavicle fracture?

Answer 12

The strong coracoclavicular ligament usually prevents dislocation of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint.

Question 13

What happens to the lateral fragment of the clavicle after a fracture?

Answer 13

The lateral fragment may be depressed and pulled medially by the adductor muscles of the arm

Question 14

When does the clavicle ossify in the fetus?

Answer 14

The clavicle is the first bone to ossify in the fetus at 6 weeks.

Question 15

How does the clavicle develop?

Answer 15

It develops in membrane and not in cartilage.

Question 16

What is the position of the clavicle along its length?

Answer 16

The clavicle is subcutaneous throughout its length.

Question 17

What forces does the clavicle transmit?

Answer 17

It transmits forces from the arm to the axial skeleton.

Question 18

How do the medial and lateral thirds of the clavicle differ in shape?

Answer 18

The medial two-thirds are circular in cross-section and curved convex forwards while the lateral third is flat and curved convex backwards.

Question 19

Where does the clavicle articulate medially?

Answer 19

The clavicle articulates medially with the sternum and 1st costal cartilage at the sternoclavicular joint.

Question 20

What ligaments attach the clavicle to the first rib and sternum?

Answer 20

The clavicle is attached medially to the 1st rib by strong costoclavicular ligaments and to the sternum by sternoclavicular ligaments.

Question 21

Where does the clavicle articulate laterally?

Answer 21

The clavicle articulates laterally with the acromion process of the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint.

Question 22

What ligaments secure the clavicle to the coracoid process of the scapula?

Answer 22

The coracoclavicular ligaments secure the clavicle inferolaterally to the coracoid process of the scapula.

Question 23

What are the components of the coracoclavicular ligament?

Answer 23

The coracoclavicular ligament has two components–the conoid and trapezoid ligaments which are attached to the conoid tubercle and trapezoid line of the clavicle respectively.

Question 24

What is the scapula?

Answer 24

The scapula is a triangular flat bone that lies on the posterolateral aspect of the thorax overlying the 2nd7th ribs.

Question 25

How is the posterior surface of the scapula divided?

Answer 25

The posterior surface of the scapula is divided by the spine into supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa.

Question 26

What does the costal surface of the scapula form?

Answer 26

The costal surface of the scapula forms a subscapular fossa.

Question 27

What is notable about the triangular body of the scapula?

Answer 27

The triangular body of the scapula is thin and translucent.

Question 28

What does the spine of the scapula continue as?

Answer 28

The spine continues laterally as the acromion and articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle.

Question 29

Where is the deltoid tubercle located?

Answer 29

The deltoid tubercle of the scapular spine is the point of attachment of the deltoid.

Question 30

What borders and angles does the scapula have?

Answer 30

The scapula has medial lateral and superior borders and superior lateral and inferior angles.

Question 31

What cavity does the scapula have that articulates with the humerus?

Answer 31

Superolaterally the scapula has a glenoid cavity that receives and articulates with the head of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint.

Question 32

How does the glenoid cavity compare in size to the head of the humerus?

Answer 32

The glenoid cavity is a shallow concave oval fossa that is considerably smaller than the head of the humerus for which it serves as a socket.

Question 33

Where is the coracoid process located and what is its function?

Answer 33

The beaklike coracoid process is superior to the glenoid cavity and projects anterolaterally; it provides an attachment for numerous muscles.

Question 34

With what does the rounded head of the humerus articulate?

Answer 34

The rounded head articulates with the shallow glenoid fossa.

Question 35

What does the anatomical neck separate?

Answer 35

The anatomical neck separates the head from the greater and lesser tubercles.

Question 36

Where is the surgical neck located?

Answer 36

The surgical neck lies below the anatomical neck between the upper end of the humerus and shaft.

Question 37

What structures wind around the surgical neck of the humerus?

Answer 37

The axillary nerve and circumflex vessels wind around the surgical neck of the humerus.

Question 38

What is the risk associated with shoulder dislocations and humeral neck fractures?

Answer 38

The axillary nerve and circumflex vessels are at risk of injury in shoulder dislocations and humeral neck fractures.

Question 39

What do the greater and lesser tubercles provide?

Answer 39

The greater and lesser tubercles provide attachment for the rotator cuff muscles.

Question 40

What separates the greater and lesser tubercles?

Answer 40

The tubercles are separated by the intertubercular sulcus in which the long head of the biceps tendon courses.

Question 41

Where is a faint spiral groove found on the humerus?

Answer 41

A faint spiral groove is visible on the posterior aspect of the humeral shaft

Question 42

What originates on either side of the spiral groove?

Answer 42

The medial and lateral heads of triceps originate on either side of this groove.

Question 43

Where does the radial nerve pass?

Answer 43

The radial nerve passes between the two heads of triceps.

Question 44

How does the ulnar nerve travel in relation to the medial epicondyle?

Answer 44

The ulnar nerve winds forwards in a groove behind the medial epicondyle.

Question 45

What does the trochlea of the humerus articulate with at the elbow joint?

Answer 45

At the elbow joint

Question 46

What does the rounded capitulum of the humerus articulate with?

Answer 46

The rounded capitulum articulates with the radial head.

Question 47

How does the medial border of the trochlea compare to the lateral border?

Answer 47

The medial border of the trochlea projects inferiorly a little further than the lateral border.

Question 48

What is the carrying angle?

Answer 48

The carrying angle is the slight lateral angle made between the arm and forearm when the elbow is extended.

Question 49

What is the shape of the clavicle?

Answer 49

The clavicle is a curved bone that is medially convex anteriorly and laterally concave anteriorly.

Question 50

What are the surface characteristics of the clavicle?

Answer 50

The clavicle has a smooth superior surface and a roughened inferior surface with expanded medial and flattened lateral ends.

Question 51

With what does the clavicle articulate laterally and medially?

Answer 51

The clavicle articulates with the acromion of the scapula laterally forming the acromioclavicular joint and with the sternum medially forming the sternoclavicular joint.

Question 52

What is the shape and location of the scapula?

Answer 52

The scapula is a triangular bone located on the posterolateral aspect of the thorax.

Question 53

What are the angles and borders of the scapula?

Answer 53

The scapula has superior lateral and inferior angles along with medial lateral and superior borders.

Question 54

What distinctive features does the scapula have?

Answer 54

The scapula has a posterior spine

Question 55

With what does the scapula articulate to form the shoulder joint?

Answer 55

The scapula articulates with the head of the humerus at the glenoid fossa forming the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint.

Question 56

With what does the scapula articulate at the acromion?

Answer 56

The scapula articulates with the clavicle at the acromion forming the acromioclavicular joint.