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P4 > Pack > Flashcards

Pack Flashcards

1
Q

How many small squares are in each large square in an ECG paper? What is the width and height of the large square

A

No. 5x5

Width and height:5mm x 5mm

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2
Q

What does the Y axis of each large square represent?

A

Voltage

(bc V looks like a Y without a stick)

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3
Q

How many milivolts is the Y axis of each large square?

A

0.5 mv

(so each small square it 0.1)

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4
Q

How many seconds is the x axis of each large square?

A

0.20

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5
Q

What does the X axis of each large square represent?

A

duration

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6
Q

How many seconds is the x axis of each small square?

A

0.04 s

(bc the large square is 0.20 and there are 5 small squares, so 0.20/5= 0.04)

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7
Q

How many milivolts is the Y axis of each small square?

A

**0.1 mv **

(bc the large square is 0.5, and we have 5 small squares, so 0.5/5= 0.1)

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8
Q

How do you measure the exact time interval of each heart beat?

A

You count the number of small boxes (or no. of big boxes x 5) between 2 R-R intervals, then you multiply it by 0.04.

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9
Q

How do you do an Exact calculation of Heart Rate from an ECG trace?

A

You calculate the R-R interval (the time of each heart beat)

then you divide 60 by it.

So if the R-R interval is 0.8, then the heart rate would be= 60/0.8 = 75 BPM

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10
Q

How do estimate the heart rate from ecg?

A

300/by number of big boxes in the R-R interval

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11
Q

How do you calculate the time of segments and intervals from the ecg?

A

1.Count the number of small boxes inside the interval

  1. Multiply No. of boxes x 0.04
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12
Q

What is the PQ/PR interval rate supposed to be?

A

0.12-0.2 seconds

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13
Q

What is the QRS complex time supposed to be?

A

< 0.10 seconds

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14
Q

What is the QT interval time supposed to be?

A

generally less than 0.4 s at rest

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15
Q

What does the mean electrical axis indicate?

A

Indicates:
– Orientation of heart –

Size of ventricular chambers

– Conduction block

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16
Q

What is the normal mean electrical axis?

A

From +90 till -30

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17
Q

What is the range for the Left axis deviation of the MEA? What are the conditions that this is commonly seen in?

A

Range: -30 to -90

Conditions: Commonly seen in any condition causing
left ventricular hypertrophy, inferior STEMI

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18
Q

What is the range for the Right axis deviation of the MEA? What are the conditions that this is commonly seen in?

A

Range: +90 to +180

Conditions: Normal finding in children and tall thin adults

Commonly seen in any condition causing
right ventricular hypertrophy

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19
Q

What is the range for the Exterme axis deviation of the MEA? What are the conditions that this is commonly seen in?

A

Range: +180 to -90

Conditions Lateral STEMI, COPD, Dextrocardia

20
Q

How do you know if it is normal axis in ECG?

A
21
Q

How do you know if it is Left axis in ECG?

A
22
Q

How do you know if it is Right axis in ECG?

A

If lead I is negative, look at avF

23
Q

How do you know if it is Extreme axis in ECG?

A
24
Q

How many small squares would a normal pq interval be?

A

< 5

25
Q

What does it mean if the p wave is upside down?

A

The SA node is non functional, The av node is acting as the main pacemaker. (upside down bc the ap is spreading away from the +ve electrode)

26
Q

What is normal duration of QRS complex? How do you determine it?

A

Normal: <0.1

Determine: Look at the number of small boxes that the QRS covers. (normal in this case bc 1 box so 0.1 sec)

27
Q

What is sinus bradycardia?

A

When everything is normal except the BPM is low (less than 60)

(brad, so broad, so the spaces between the R waves will be broad)

28
Q

What is sinus tachycardia?

A

When everything is normal except the BPM is High (more than 100)

29
Q

What is the first degree heart block? How do you determine that it is a first degree heart block from the ECG? What are some conditions that cause it?

A

It is a partial block of the av node which prolonges The PQ interval.

Diagnosis: if the PQ interval is prologned (more than 0.20 s) and there is normal rythem P-QRS-T

Conditions: fibrosis,

Calcium channel blocking drugs

enhanced vagal tone

athletic training.

30
Q

What is a second degree heart block?

A

Pr interval is over 0.24 seconds, and the pre interval keeps on getting longer and longer after each contraction, until no QRS is generated.

31
Q

What are the two types of Second degree heart block?

A

Mobitz Type I
Mobitz Type II

32
Q

What is Second degree heart block Mobitz Type I? How do diagnose it from the ECG? What are some conditions that this can be seen in?

A

It is: Partial block of the av node

Diagnosis:Progressive lengthening of the PR interval until not QRS is generated

conditions: may be seen normally in children, athletes or individuals with elevated vagal tone.

33
Q

What is Second degree heart block Mobitz Type II? How do diagnose it from the ECG? What are some conditions that this can be seen in?

A

It is: Partial block of the Bundle of his (bc type II so two branches)

Diagnosis: Sudden loss of QRS, wide QRS (more than 1 small square)

conditions: may be seen normally in children, athletes or individuals with elevated vagal tone.

34
Q

What is the general treatment for Second degree mobitz type II?

A

Pacemaker implantation is generally the treatment for this condition

35
Q

What is Third degree heart block?

A
  • Complete block of AV node or Bundle of His
36
Q

What is Third degree heart block? How do diagnose it from the ECG?

A

It is:Complete block of AV node or Bundle of His

Diagnosis: QRS is opposite to t waves, if QRS is positive, t waves will be negative and vice versa. P-P interval is Normal, R-R is short 20-40.

2-4 p waves for every QRS.

37
Q

Where is the AP of the ventricles generated in Third degree heart block?

A

Purkinje-his system

38
Q

What is atrial fibrillation? How do you diagnoss it on the ecg

A

Re-entry current causes a “jittery” reading on the ECG, no clear p waves, the r-waves are very inconsistent.

39
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation? How do you diagnoss it on the ecg

A

it is Re-entry in ventricles

Diagnosis Distinguishable by the total absence of any pattern

40
Q

What is Regularly regular Rhythm? What is an example?

A

The R-R intervals are the same for each heartbeat and the rhythm is maintained. (P-QRS-T is the same, even if smth is wrong with one of the parts)

(regular pattern and rhythm)

Example Sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, first degree heart block

41
Q

What is regulary irregular Rhythm? Example?

A

Rythm that doesn’t have the same R-R intervals, but has a pattern that repeats.

(P-QRS-T is not consistent, but its inconsistency is repeated )

Time: Second degree heart block

42
Q

What is irregulary irregular Rhythm? Example?

A

No pattern, no rhythm

example atrial fibrilation

43
Q

What is prolonged QT syndrome?

A

Prolonged QT interval due to genetic mutations.

44
Q

What is the normal duration for QT interval? What is considered as prolonged?

A

Normal: < 400

Prolonged > 450 ms in men and 470 in women

45
Q

How do you measure the corrected QT interval using bazett’s formula?

A

P4 (2 decks)

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