PACES I&I

Question 1

Venturi Mask

Answer 1

It delivers 24-60% oxygen. Commonly used in COPD.
Works via bernouli’s principle/ the venturi effect.

It comes in various colours to denote maximum delivery:
Blue (2-4)
White (4-6)
Yellow (8-10)
Red (10-12)
Green (12-15)

Question 2

Endotracheal tube

Answer 2

Definitive airway.

Cuffed tube which is inflated via sideport to prevent aspiration & helps maintain position.

Inserted classically by anaesthetics during emergencies with likely airway compromise (GCS <8)

Inserted using laryngoscope & Eschmann introducer (bougie).

Position of the tube can be checked looking for:

• Bilateral chest rise & breath sounds
• nil gurgling (oesophageal intubation)
• Raised end tidal CO2

Secured using tape

Complications:

• incorrect placement
• laryngeal injury/oedema
• pneumothorax
• infection

Question 3

How is an oropharyngeal airway sized

Answer 3

From the mouth to angle of the manible

Question 4

How is a nasopharyngeal airway sized

Answer 4

From the nares to the tragus

Question 5

How is a nasogastric tube sized.

Answer 5

NEX - nose to around the ear and down to the xiphesternum.

Question 6

Laryngoscope

Answer 6

Use: aids intubation with an endotracheal tube, which is used during resusitation and ATLS.

Variations include straight (miller) or curved (macintosh) blades.

Complications:

• dental damage
• soft tissue injury
• abscess & ulcer formation

Think: tim cook is gay. a mill cuts straight planks.

Question 7

How is the diameter of a nasogastric tube sized?

How is it prevented from being inhaled

Answer 7

little finger distal phalanx size

Prevention: safety pin at end of tube.

Question 8

Hemiarthroplasty prosthesis

Answer 8

Used in intracapsular neck of femur fractures. Indicated due to the risk of avascular necrosis otherwise.

Classically used in patients with limited baseline mobility or cognitive deficits.

Prosthetics can be mono- or bipolar. bipolar prosthetics have an inner and outer head allowing for movement.

The most common type of hemiarthroplasty is an austin moore (a monopolar with holes in it).

Question 9

Total hip arthroplasty prosthesis

Answer 9

Have two distinct parts:

1. femoral stem with head
2. polyethylene acetabular cup (in acetabulum)

Used in severe osteoarthritis of the hip or an intracapsular NOF fracture in a patient with a good baseline.

Complications include:
Immediate
	Intra-operative fracture
	If cement: Cement reaction
	Nerve injury*
Early
	Wound infection
	Joint infection
Late
	Aseptic loosening
	Prosthetic infection & loosening
	Stress fractures
	Dislocation

Question 10

Thudichum speculum

Answer 10

Single use item. Used to visualise the nasal cavity, duing assessment of polyps, septal haematoma or epistaxis.

Held by placing the loop over your index finger and then wrapping your middle finger around the outside and your ring fing finger the inside. The prongs should face outwards…