PA Flashcards by Lawand Piromari

What is an operating system?

An application that runs on bare hardware

An application that runs within a kernel

Software that runs on bare hardware

Software that runs within a kernel

Software that runs on bare hardware

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Which type of CPU instruction sets are supported by the CPU user mode?

Both privileged and non-privileged

Neither privileged nor non-privileged

Only privileged

Only non-privileged

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What are two locations where firmware can be stored?

Choose 2 answers.

Flash memory

Read-only memory (ROM)

Cache memory

Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM)

Flash memory

Read-only memory (ROM)

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Which generation of computers were large-scale integrated circuits used to develop personal computers for desktop and laptop operating systems?

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

4th

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A company requires a computing environment that supports high-volume data processing and the management of a large amount of storage.

Which computing environment should the company use?

Desktop

Server

Laptop

Mainframe

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What is a system service?

A component of an operating system responsible for memory management

A set of files used to store and retrieve operating system configuration information

A program designed for end-user execution in the operating system

An application included with an operating system to provide functionality beyond the kernel

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A company needs to determine when a computer experiences a microprocessor interrupt that is the result of a division by zero.

Which operating system service should be used?

Communication

Error detection

Logging

Deadlock detection

Error detection

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Which interface allows combining multiple programs using the output from one as the input to another?

Graphical user interface (GUI)

Voice-user interface (VUI)

Command-line interface (CLI)

Natural user interface (NUI)

Command-line interface (CLI)

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Which command is used to determine the number of lines in a file?

copy

dir

del

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Which cyberattack prevents a legitimate user from accessing an application in a timely manner?

Denial-of-service

Information disclosure

Unauthorized use

Information destruction

Denial-of-service

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Which operating environment is used to run an embedded system?

Mainframe

Server

Desktop

Real-time

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Which component is responsible for running and suspending tasks in a multitasking operating system?

Memory manager

Network manager

Process manager

Storage manager

Process manager

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What is a thread?

System component allowed to run a privileged instruction set

Part of a process that can run concurrently with other parts

Application providing a user interface to system calls

Instantiation of a process with a unique identifier

Part of a process that can run concurrently with other parts

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What are the two properties of threads?

Choose 2 answers.

Using multiple processes within a thread is more efficient than using multiple threads

Using multiple threads within a process is more efficient than using multiple processes

User-level threads are faster to manage than kernel-level threads

Kernel-level threads are faster to manage than user-level threads

Using multiple threads within a process is more efficient than using multiple processes

User-level threads are faster to manage than kernel-level threads

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Which resource is virtualized by multitasking?

Disk

Memory

Network

Processor

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Which technique is used to execute several jobs by time-sharing among them?

Multitasking

Multiprogramming

Abstraction

Virtualization

Multitasking

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What is a computer program in execution called?

Trap

Thread

Task

Process

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What is the relationship between threads, processes, and global data?

All threads within a process share the same copy of global data.

All processes within a thread share the same copy of global data.

Each thread within a process has its own copy of global data.

Each process within a thread has its own copy of global data.

All threads within a process share the same copy of global data.

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What does each thread of a multi-threaded process use to access shared code?

Kernel

Application

Program counter

Stack pointer

Program counter

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What is a critical section?

An area of code that cannot be entered by a process while another process is executing a corresponding area of the code.

An area of code that cannot be modified by the operating system.

An area of code that can be entered by a process while another process is executing a corresponding area of the code.

An area of code that can be modified by the operating system.

An area of code that cannot be entered by a process while another process is executing a corresponding area of the code.

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How do threads differ from processes?

Threads may contain multiple processes.

Threads execute portions of a program within a process.

Processes are faster to destroy than threads.

Processes execute portions of a program within a thread.

Threads execute portions of a program within a process.

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Which scheduler is used to decide the ready processes that should run next on the CPU?

Long-term

Short-term

Preemptive

Non-preemptive

Short-term

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A process is not attempting to enter the critical section (CS), but it is preventing other processes from entering the CS.

Which situation was caused by this process?

Concurrency

Starvation

Lockout

Deadlock

Lockout

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Which step is completed first during an input/output (I/O) call?

The direct memory access controller transfers data to kernel memory

The interrupt handler signals device driver

The process is placed on the wait queue

The device driver allocates kernel buffer space

The process is placed on the wait queue

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Which free memory space management strategy allocates the smallest free partition that meets the requirement of the requesting process? Best fit First fit Next fit Worst fit

Best fit

Which method does the operating system use to divide system memory into contiguous, equal-sized partitions? Fragmentation Relocation Paging Swapping

Paging

What is the physical memory size for an address size of 8 bits? 16 64 256 1,024

256

What causes a page fault? Modified bit is set to 0 Present bit is set to 1 Present bit is set to 0 Modified bit is set to 1

Present bit is set to 0

What should be used to improve memory utilization when loading external references? Dynamic linking Static linking Swapping Compaction

Dynamic linking

Why are approximations used in place of the least-recently-used (LRU) algorithm? Higher precision Higher efficiency Selects longest unused pages Guarantees fewer page faults

Higher efficiency

What describes the 50% rule in external memory fragmentation? One-fourth of memory may be lost. One-fourth of memory is occupied. One-third of memory may be lost. One-third of memory is occupied.

One-third of memory may be lost.

What describes the difference between internal and external fragmentation? Choose 2 answers. External fragmentation occurs when memory blocks are divided into variable-sized partitions. External fragmentation occurs when memory blocks are divided into fixed-sized partitions. Internal fragmentation occurs when memory blocks are divided into fixed-sized partitions. Internal fragmentation occurs when memory blocks are divided into variable-sized partitions.

External fragmentation occurs when memory blocks are divided into variable-sized partitions. Internal fragmentation occurs when memory blocks are divided into fixed-sized partitions.

What does the memory manager do that can lead to poor system performance? Choose 2 answers. Fails to allocate memory as needed, causing processes to crash Is unable to allocate contiguous free blocks as needed, causing processes to wait Suspends processes requesting memory, causing them to stop responding Is forced to compact memory so it can fulfill allocations, causing processes to wait

Is unable to allocate contiguous free blocks as needed, causing processes to wait Is forced to compact memory so it can fulfill allocations, causing processes to wait

What are two effects of paging in the address space? Choose 2 answers. Permits the physical address of a process to be noncontiguous Divides the logical address space of a process into equal-sized partitions Creates unused address spaces called external fragmentation Divides the logical address space of a process into different-sized partitions

Permits the physical address of a process to be noncontiguous Divides the logical address space of a process into equal-sized partitions

What is a page in memory management? Fixed-size contiguous block of a logical address space identified by a single number Fixed-size contiguous block of physical memory identified by a single number Variable-size noncontiguous block of physical memory identified by a single number Variable-size noncontiguous block of a logical address space identified by a single number

Fixed-size contiguous block of a logical address space identified by a single number

What is used to determine the number of processes that can run concurrently? Memory segmentation Demand paging Scheduling Load control

Load control

What are the two measures of positioning time? Choose 2 answers. Moving the disk arm to the desired cylinder Rotating the desired sector to the disk head Transferring data from the disk to the host system Transferring data to and from the disk media

Moving the disk arm to the desired cylinder Rotating the desired sector to the disk head

A company needs to ensure consistent performance by decreasing the density of bits from inner tracks to outer tracks. Which hard disk method should be used? Constant angular acceleration Constant angular velocity Constant linear velocity Constant magnetic field

Constant angular velocity

Which disk type provides direct access to a secondary storage device as an array of blocks with no file system? Boot Raw Virtual Swap

Raw

What is an advantage of swapping? Provides efficient usage of memory by deallocating dynamic space when processes complete and allocating memory at run time Provides efficient usage of memory by reducing external fragmentation on a computer Allows processes that load the same DLL at the same base address to share a single copy of the DLL in physical memory Allows computers to execute more processes than there is available physical memory on a computer

Allows computers to execute more processes than there is available physical memory on a computer

Which file attribute should be used to identify who can access a file? Location Protection Type Size

Protection

Which scheduling system should be used to stop a process that is currently running and select another process to run? Long-term Short-term Preemptive Non-preemptive

Preemptive

Which data structure represents the allocation status of each disk block? Queue Linked list Bitmap Binary tree

Bitmap

Which latency waits for the requested data to pass under the drive head of a magnetic hard disk? Seek time Sector overhead time Peak transfer rate Rotational delay

Rotational delay

What is the determining factor for sustained throughput in magnetic storage? Disk size Track seek time Data transfer rate Rotational latency

Data transfer rate

What can be used to access Dropbox? Common Internet File System - CIFS Internet Small Computer System Interface - iSCSI Network-attached storage - NAS Application programming interface - API

Application programming interface - API

What is a direct memory access (DMA) controller? Program invoked by the driver to access main memory Hardware device allowing access of main memory without the CPU Hardware device used by the CPU to access main memory Program invoked by the CPU to access main memory

Hardware device allowing access of main memory without the CPU

What is partitioning? Changing the type of file system in a storage region Changing the size of blocks Reallocating blocks into a contiguous space Creating groups of blocks on secondary storage

Creating groups of blocks on secondary storage

Which user authentication method has the form of a dialogue between user and system? One-time password Challenge-response Single sign-on Biometrics

Challenge-response

What provides asymmetric cryptography? Lempel-Ziv-Markov Algorithm (LZMA) Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) Data Encryption Standard (DES) Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA)

What is a symmetric key algorithm? Data encryption standard (DES) Huffman code Hamming code Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA)

Data encryption standard (DES)

An access matrix list of three domains and six objects is depicted in the following table: O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 D1 r rwx D2 rwx rwx r r D3 rwxo rwx rwxo rwx rwxo What is the length of the shortest capability list? 1 2 4 5

Which two techniques guard against unauthorized activities when running code written by others? Choose 2 answers. Sandboxing Compiling Compression Interpretation

Sandboxing Interpretation

What is a key that is used by a recipient to decrypt a message encrypted with asymmetric encryption? Public Private Shared Hash

Private

What is the benefit of asymmetric cryptography? Faster encryption and decryption operations No need to exchange secret keys Uses the same key for encryption and decryption Higher computational complexity of encryption and decryption

No need to exchange secret keys

When should digests be used? Establishing an undeniable link between the document and its sender Accelerating document encryption Reducing encrypted document size Reducing computational complexity of document decryption

Establishing an undeniable link between the document and its sender

Which technique involves requesting an unsuspecting user to disclose their credit card information on a fake website that looks legitimate? Logic bomb Login spoofing Phishing Trapdoor

Phishing

Which technique is used to bypass user authentication? Buffer overflow Login spoofing Back door Phishing

Back door

Which cyberattack technique is mitigated by using the CTRL+ALT+DEL key sequence in the Windows operating systems? Back door Information leaking Logic bomb Login spoofing