P8.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the doppler effect?

A

physical phenomena by which there is a change in the observed frequency/wavelength of a wave (due to relative motion between observer and source

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2
Q

what is red shift?

and what does it imply

A

the shift in wavelength of the lights from distant stars/galaxies to longer wavelengths

  • implies stars moving away from us
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3
Q

what is blue shift?

and what does it imply

A

the shift in wavelength of the lights from distant stars/galaxies to shorter wavelengths

  • implies stars moving towards us
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4
Q

how is red shift linked to the big-bang model?

A
  • light from distant galaxies is red shifted
    so galaxies are moving away from us
  • and so if all galaxies are moving away from each other, at one point all matter must have existed at a single point in space
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5
Q

how does the distance of a galaxy affect the red-shift?

A

further away = greater red-shift

means it is moving away faster

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6
Q

what is a spectrum?

A

the range of wavelengths/colours observed when light from a source is separated into separate wavelengths

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7
Q

how do we know if light is red shifted?

A

the black lines (which correspond to specific wavelengths of light absorbed by certain atoms in the star)

  • have been shifted towards longer wavelengths
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8
Q

what is the second piece of evidence for the big bang theory?

A

cosmic background radiation

CMBR

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9
Q

what is strange about cosmic background radiation?

A

it fills the universe almost uniformly

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10
Q

describe how CMBR gives evidence for the big bang theory

A
  • at beginning of universe, all energy manifested as short gamma rays
  • universe expanded = radiation stretched out to longer wavelengths
  • ie. microwave radiation
  • suggests all started off at single point (as evenly fill the universe)
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11
Q

what is the steady state theory?

A

idea that all of the universe appeared at the same time

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12
Q

do scientists think that the galaxies themselves are moving?

A

no, but the space between them is somehow expanding

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13
Q

how was CMBR discovered?

A

in 1960, two scientists placed sensors.

detected microwave radiation coming from all directions

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14
Q

how was our sun formed?

A

dust and gas drawn together by gravity

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15
Q

what allows fusion reactions to occur in stars?

A
  • gravitational attraction between dust particles draws them closer
  • so temp + pressure increases
  • so particles can fuse together
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16
Q

how does an equilibrium form within a star?

A

energy released during fusion opposes the gravitational collapse due to gravity

17
Q

what are the 8 planets of the solar system (and order)

  • give mnemonic to remember it
A

my very easy method just speeds up naming (planets)

```
mercury
venus
earth
mars
jupiter
saturn
uranus
neptune
pluto
~~~

18
Q

what 5 things make up the solar system, and describe briefly what they are

A

sun
star at the centre of the solar system

planets
spherical bodies that orbit the sun

moons
spherical bodies that orbit planets

minor planets
small spherical objects that orbit the sun

comets
dust/ice that orbit the sun with long (elliptical) orbits

19
Q

what are the inner planets?

A

mercury, venus, earth, mars

20
Q

what are the outer planets?

A

jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune

21
Q

major difference between inner and outer planets?

A

inner = rocky, have an atmosphere

outer = gas giants (rings and lots of moons)

22
Q

how was the asteroid belt formed?

and where is it

A

pieces of rock left over from the formation of the solar system (between jupiter and mars)

23
Q

how was the solar system formed?

A
  • sun + rest of solar system formed from remains of a supernova
  • clouds of dust + gas pulled together by gravity
  • enough gas + dust gathered = nuclear fusion stars
  • protostar formed
24
Q

how does a protostar become a main sequence star?

A
  • becomes denser and hotter
  • particles speed up
  • particles collide more energetically
  • nuclear fusion begins
25
Q

describe the life cycle of a star

A
  • dust + gas gather under gravity = protostar
  • once protostar = hot + dense enough, nuclear fusion begins = main sequence star
  • star is stable in main sequence EQUILIBRIUM
    ie. radiation pressure outwards (fusion) = gravitational attraction inwards
  • radiation pressure drops (no more hydrogen nuclei to fuse)
  • gravitational force collapses star
  • fusion of heavier elements begin
  • star expands (either red giant, or red super giant)
26
Q

why do stars expand when the fusion of heavier elements begin?

A
  • energy of fusion increases
  • radiation pressure increases
    (greater than gravitational attraction)
27
Q

what is the last stage of the life cycle of a small star?

A
  • fusion slows down
  • radiation pressure decreases
  • gravitational force collapses star
  • heats up = white dwarf
  • eventually cools = black dwarf
28
Q

what is the last stage of the life cycle of a large Star?

A
  • lots of heavier nuclei fuse to release LOTS of energy
  • large increase in radiation pressure outwards
  • larger than gravitational pull inwards
  • star explodes to supernova
  • dense neutron star forms

(if very dense = black hole)

29
Q

simple description of life cycle of low mass star?

A
protostar
               ↓
main sequence star
               ↓
         red giant
               ↓
       white dwarf
               ↓
       black dwarf
30
Q

simple description of life cycle of high mass star?

A
protostar
               ↓
 main sequence star
               ↓
     red super-giant
               ↓
        supernova
               ↓
      neutron star
               ↓
     (if high mass) 
      black hole
31
Q

compare inner and outer planets

A

inner - mostly rocky
outer - mostly gas

inner - small mass, small gravitational fields, few moons

outer - large mass, large gravitational fields, many moons

32
Q

why is the sun not expanding?

A

balance between force of gravity inwards and radiation pressure from nuclear fusion outwards

33
Q

why do larger planets tend to have rings and more moons

A
  • larger mass = larger gravitational pull

attracts debris/plents

34
Q

what does the intensity and the wavelength of emitted radiation depend on?

A

temperature of the body