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Physics GCSE > P8,P9, P10 > Flashcards

P8,P9, P10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Displacement

A

Distance without a change of direction

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2
Q

Vector quantities

A

Physical quantities with a size and direction

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3
Q

Examples of vectors

A

Acceleration, force, momentum, weight, gravitational field strength

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4
Q

Scalar quantities

A

Physical quantities with size, but no specific direction

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5
Q

Examples of scalar quantities

A

Speed, distance, time, mass, energy, power

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6
Q

Force

A

A push or pull that acts on an object because of its interaction with anotjer object

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7
Q

Contact forces

A

Forces if two objects must touch each other to interact e.g. friction, air resistance, stretching forces(tension) and normal contact forces

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8
Q

Non-contact forces

A

Magnetic force, electrostatic force and the force of gravity

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9
Q

Newton’s third law of motion

A

When two objects interact with each other, they exert equal and opposite forces on each other

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10
Q

Resultant force

A

A single force that has the same effect as all the forces acting on the object

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11
Q

Newton’s first law of motion

A

If the forces acting on an object are balanced, the resultant force on the object is zero, and:
If the object is at rest, it stays stationary
If the object is moving, it keeps moving with the same speed and in the same direction

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12
Q

What is the resultant force if two forces act in the same direction on an object along a straight line?

A

The resultant force is equal to the sum of the two forces

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13
Q

What does a free-body force diagram show?

A

The forces acting on an object without any other objects or forces shown

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14
Q

Centre of mass

A

The point in an object where its mass is thought of as being concentrated

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15
Q

Freely suspended object

A

When an object returns to its equilibrium position as the turning force is taken away, with the centre of mass directly underneath the point of suspension

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16
Q

How to find the centre of mass in an irregular-shaped card

A

1) Put a hole in one corner of the card and suspend the card from a rod.
2) Use a plumb line to draw a vertical line on the card from the rod.
3) Repeat the procedure, hanging the card from a different corner.
4) The point where the two lines meet is the centre of mass

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17
Q

Velocity

A

Speed in a given direction

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18
Q

Is the velocity of an object moving round in a circle constant?

A

An object moving round in a circle has a direction of motion changes continuously as it goes round, so its velocity’s not constant.

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19
Q

Acceleration of an object

A

Change in velocity per second

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20
Q

In a velocity time graph, what does the section with a horizontal line show?

A

Constant velocity

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21
Q

1km/h

A

0.278m/s

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22
Q

Equation linking constant acceleration and for calculations where time taken isn’t given

A

v2-u2= 2as

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23
Q

Required practical(investigating force and acceleration)

A

1) Use the newton-meter to pull the trolley along a known distance with a constant force.
2) A motion sensor and computer can be used to record the velocity of the trolley as it accelerates.
3) Predict what will happen to the acceleration of the trolley is the force is increased/decreased or the mass of the trolley is increased. You can double or treble the total moving mass of the trolley using double-deck and triple-deck trolley.
Safety: Protect your bench and feet from falling trolleys

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24
Q

Resultant force =

A

Mass x acceleration

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25
Q

Newton’s second law of motion

A

The acceleration of an object is:
Proportional to the resultant force on the object
Inversely proportional to the mass of the object

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26
Q

Inertia

A

The tendency of an object to stay at rest or continue in uniform motion(e.g. moving at constant gelocity’

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27
Q

How does the resultant force affect the velocity of an object?

A

Acceleration- when the resultant force is in the same direction as the velocity
Deceleration - if the resultant force is in the opposite direction to its velocity

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28
Q

Weight

A

The force acting on an object due to gravity

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29
Q

Mass

A

The quantity of matter on an object

30
Q

Gravitational field strength

A

The gravitational force on a 1kg object at a place where the object is

31
Q

Earth’s gravitational field strength

A

At its surfaces, about 9.8N/kg

32
Q

Weight =

A

Mass x gravitational field strength

33
Q

Terminal velocity

A

Constant velocity a falling object reacheswhere the frictional force on the object is equal and opposite to its weight

34
Q

What does the braking force needed to stop a vehicle in a given distance depend on

A

The speed of the vehicle when the brqkes are first applied, the greater the speed, the greater the deceleration needed to stop a venicle withon a given distance.
The greater the mass, the greater the braking force needed for a given deceleration

35
Q

Thinking distance

A

The distance travelled by the vehicle in the time it takes the driver to react

36
Q

Thinking distance=

A

Speed x reaction time

37
Q

Braking distance

A

The distance travelled by the vehicle during the time the braking force acts

38
Q

Stopping distance=

A

Thinking distance+ braking distance

39
Q

Factors affecting the thinking distance

A

Tiredness
Alcohol
Drugs
Distractions like using a mobile phone

40
Q

What affects the braking distance

A

High speed
Poor weather conditions
Poor vehicle maintenance

41
Q

What forces oppose the driving force of a vehicle?

A

Friction and air resistance

42
Q

Momentum of a moving object(kg m/s)=

A

Mass(kg) x velocity(m/s)

43
Q

The law of conservation of momentum

A

In a closed system, the total momentum before an event is equal to the total momentum after an event

44
Q

Elastic object

A

An object is elastic if it returns to its original shape when the forces deforming it are removed

45
Q

Examples of elastic objects

A

Rubber band

46
Q

Required practical(stretch tests)

A

1) The spring to be tested is clamped at its upper end. An empty weight hanger is attached to the spring to keep it straight.
2) The length of the spring is measured using a metre ruler(original length).
3) The weight hung from the spring is increased by adding weights one at a time. The spring stretches each time more weight’s hung from it.
4) The length of the spring is measured each time a weight’s added. The spring should be measured from the same points each time to ensure accurate results. The total weight added and the total length of the spring are recorded in a table.

47
Q

Safety(stretch tests- required practical)

A

Clamp the stand to the bench.
Take care with falling weights
Wear eye protection

48
Q

Hooke’s law

A

The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied, as long as its limit of proportionality isn’t exceeded

49
Q

Force applied(N)=

A

Spring constant(N/m) x extension(m)

50
Q

Forces on skydivers

A

1) When hanging from the leg of a helicopter, the weight of the skydiver is equal to the tension force of hanging from a helicopter.
2) When the person falls from the plane, the weight doesn’t change, but the air resistance increases, so the person accelerates.
3) The air resistance and weight become balanced forces, with no acceleration.
4) After pulling the shoot, the larger surface area for parachute increases the air resistance, with unbalanced forces(air resistance and weight) so there’s a big deceleration.
5) After pulling the shoot, you fall at a constant, terminal velocity, with weight = air resistance as air resistance slows down

51
Q

Conservation of momentum(when a moving object hits a stationary object)

A

The mass of the moving object has increased, but its momentum is equal to the momentum before the collision. So an increase in mass causes a decrease in velocity

52
Q

Sensible estimates for stopping distances

A

Travelling at 20mph:
Total stopping distance = 12m
Travelling at 40mph:
Total stopping distance = 36m
Travelling at 70mph:
Total stopping distance = 96m
Travelling at 30mph:
Total stopping distance = 25m

53
Q

What unit is the joule equivalent to=

A

N/m

54
Q

Momentum

A

The product of mass and velocity

55
Q

Why large decelerations may be dangerous

A

Large decelerations cause a lot of force on the passengers, which can cause injuries

56
Q

People’s typical reaction time

A

0.4s

57
Q

How momentum is conserved when a moving object hits a stationary object

A

1) The moving object has momentum, the stationary object has zero momentum.
2) The bus hits the car, causing it to move, so the car now has momentum.
3)The bus continues to move, but with a smaller velocity(and momentum).
4) The combined momentum of the bus and car is equal to the original momentum of the bus(moving object).

58
Q

If the force on the south decreases, what will happen to the resultant force on the scooter?

A

The direction changes to North, the resultant force will decrease

59
Q

Typical speed of a person walking

A

1.5m/s

60
Q

Typical speed of a car

A

25m/s

61
Q

Typical speed of a person running

A

3m/s

62
Q

Typical speed of a train

A

30m/s

63
Q

Typical speed of a person cycling

A

6m/s

64
Q

Typical speed of a plane

A

250m/s

65
Q

Acceleration(required practical)- how the student can ensure the mass holder doesn’t hit the ground before the card passes through the second light gate

A

Move the second light gate closer to the first
Shorten the string length

66
Q

Why would a newtonmeter have the spring with the greatest spring constant?

A

It needs the greatest force to extend the spring the same amount

67
Q

Why the temperature of the brakes increases when used?

A

Decrease on kinetic energy of the car, causing the thermal energy store of the brakes to increase

68
Q

What properties should be the same for each spring?

A

Spring constant
Original length
Diameter

69
Q

What happens to a stationary spring stretched beyond its limit of proportionality?

A

The upward force on the spring is equal to the downward force
The spring is inelastically deformed

70
Q

Why bowling ball decelerates?

A

Friction acts on ball - resultant force in opposite direction to velocity

71
Q

Advantage of a reduced speed limit

A

The car will have less kinetic energy, so less likely to cause injury in the event of a collision

72
Q

Why the empty van has a shorter stopping distance than the full van when driven at the same speed

A

1) Same maximum force applied by the brakes, because mass is less there’s a greater deceleration, so braking distance is less.

Physics GCSE (11 decks)

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