P6 - Molecules and Matter Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe how particles are arranged in a solid + movement and properties

A
  • Close together in a regular pattern with strong forces of attraction
  • They vibrate around a fixed point
  • Generally high density
    Fixed shape + volume
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2
Q

Describe how particles are arranged in a liquid + movement and properties

A
  • Particles are still close together but in a irregular pattern
    Weaker intermolecular forces
  • They can move and they fill the shape of the container
    Not fixed shape so can flow but fixed volume
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3
Q

Describe how particles are arranged in a gas + movement and properties

A
  • Particles are far appart and randomely arranged
  • They move very rapidly at a range of speeds and randomly and collide with their container and other particles
  • No fixed volume or shape
  • Low density
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4
Q

Equation for density

A

ρ = m/v
Density = mass/volume

Density is in kg/m3

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5
Q

How to calculate the density for a regular and irregualr object

A
  • Regular - find mass using a mass balance
  • Find the volume by measuring the dimensions and multiplying them together
  • Irregular - find mass by using a mass balance
  • Fill eureka can with water until the water level is just below the spout
  • gently lower the object in using a string and collect the water displaced in a measuring cylinder
  • Volume of water displaced = volume of object
  • To calculate density for both, you do ρ = m/v
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6
Q

What is internal energy

A
  • The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of all particles in a substance
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7
Q

What is evaporation

A
  • When a liquid turns to a gas, but only on the surface of the liquid as only the particles on the surface have enough energy
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8
Q

What is the specific heat capacity of a substance and its equation

A

The amount energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree celcius
Δ E = mcΔ θ

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9
Q

Describe a heating graph in terms of internal energy

A
  1. Temp of solid rises and increasing energy of particles (kinetic energy)
  2. Energy needed to change from solid to liquid to break bonds (potential energy)
  3. Temp of liquid rises and increasing energy of particles (kinetic energy)
  4. Energy needed to change from liquid to gas to break bonds (potential energy)
  5. Temp of gas rises
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10
Q

why is a scald from steam worse than a burn from water at the same temperature

A
  • Steam has more internal energy due to increased potential energy from changing state
  • This transfers more thermal energy to the person meaning a worse injury
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11
Q

What is the specific latent heat and equation

A

The amount of energy needed to change the state of 1kg of a substance without changing the temperature
For fusion, it is solid to liquid and for vaporisation, it is liquid to gas
Equation - E = mL

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12
Q

What does the increase in temperature of a system depend on

A
  • Mass of the substance
  • The material of the substance
  • The energy input
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13
Q

What is the pressure of a gas

A
  • Due to the particles colliding with the walls of the container
  • It is the certain force exerted over a certain area
  • The force produced acts at right angles to the surface of the container
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14
Q

Equation for pressure

A

p = F/A

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15
Q

What happens to the pressure when you increase temperature

A
  • Particles have more kinetic energy
  • There are more collisions per second
  • These collisions are higher energy and transfer more energy
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16
Q

What happens to pressure when you increase the volume of the container

A
  • Pressure decreases
  • This is due to particles colliding less frequently with the container in a set amount of time, exerting less of a force over the same area
17
Q

What happens if you compress a gas by applying a force

A
  • Work is done by the force
  • This transfers energy to ther particles
  • This increases the internal energy of the particles
  • The temperature increases as the internal potential energy increases