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GCSE Physics > P6- Molecules And Matter > Flashcards

P6- Molecules And Matter Flashcards

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1
Q

Density Equation

A

Mass/volume = density (kg/m^3)

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2
Q

Finding the density of a regular solid (method)

A
  1. Use a ruler to measure the dimensions of the object ( or vernier calipers)
  2. Calculate the volume (LxWxH)
  3. Measure the mass of the object using scales
  4. Divide the mass by the volume
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3
Q

Finding the density of an irregular solid (method)

A
  1. Measure the mass of the object using scales
    2.Fill a eureka can with water until the spout
  2. Place a measuring cylinder under the spout
  3. Lower the object into the water
  4. The water that is displaced into the measuring cylinder is equal to the volume of the object
  5. Calculate the density (Mass/volume)
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4
Q

Finding the density of a liquid (method)

A
  1. Measure the mass of an empty measuring cylinder
  2. Pour a known volume of the liquid into the measuring cylinder
  3. Calculate the mass by subtracting the mass of the empty cylinder from the filled cylinder
  4. Calculate the density (Mass/volume(ml=cm^3))
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5
Q

What is the density of water?

A

1g/cm^3

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6
Q

Density (definition)

A

Mass per unit of volume

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7
Q

Solid (key features)

A

Strong forces of attraction hold the particles together in a regular arrangement
Doesn’t flow
Fixed shape
Fixed volume
Density - much higher than a gas
Particles don’t have much energy- vibrate around fixed positions

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8
Q

Liquid(key features)

A

Weaker forces of attraction between the particles. Particles are close together but can move past each other and form irregular arrangements.
Flows
Fits shape of container
Fixed volume
Density-much higher than a gas but less than solids
More energy than particles in a solid

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9
Q

Gas(key features)

A

Flows
Fills container
Volume can be changed
Density - lower than a solid or a liquid
Particles travel in Random directions at high speeds
Almost no forces of attraction between particles
Particles have more energy than solids or liquids

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10
Q

Conservation of mass

A

The mass of the substance after the change of state is the same as the mass of the substance before the change of state

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11
Q

Liquid to solid

A

Freezing

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12
Q

Solid to liquid

A

Melting

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13
Q

Liquid to gas

A

Boiling (or vaporisation)

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14
Q

Gas to liquid

A

Condensation

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15
Q

Solid to gas

A

Sublimation

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16
Q

Gas to solid

A

Deposition

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17
Q

Particles in a solid

A

Vibrate around fixed positions

18
Q

Particles in a liquid

A

Ransom movement, can flow

19
Q

Particles in a gas

A

Random, faster than liquids, Further apart than liquids

20
Q

What is an objects melting point the same as?

A

The freezing point

21
Q

What is an objects boiling point the same as?

A

The point where it condenses
Liquid to gas = boiling
Gas to liquid = condensing
The point where the changes happen is the same

22
Q

How can the melting point of water be lowered?

A

By adding salt to the water

23
Q

What is latent heat?

A

The energy transfereed to a substance when it changes its state

24
Q

What is internal energy?

A

The energy stored by the particles of a substance

25
Q

What is internal energy the sum of?

A

The kinetic energy and the potential energy

26
Q

Forces of attraction between particles

A

Greatest in solids
Weakest in gases

27
Q

Heating of a gas (in a container)

A

The particles gain kinetic energy
Move faster
Collide with the walls of the container more frequently and with more force

28
Q

What is the specific latent heat of fusion?

A

The energy needed to change the state of 1kg of the substance from solid to liquid at its melting point.(without changing its temperature)

29
Q

Unit for specific latent heat

A

Joules per kilogram
J/Kg

30
Q

Specific latent heat of vaporisation

A

The energy needed to change the state of 1kg of the substance from liquid to vapour (gas) at its boiling point ( without changing its temperature)

31
Q

What is a fluid?

A

A liquid or a gas

32
Q

What is brownian motion?

A

The random motion of tiny particles in a fluid

33
Q

What happens in the random motion of smoke particles in air?

A

Air molecules repeatedly collide at random with each smoke particle. The air molecules must be moving very fast to make this happen however they are too small to see however what you see is the random motion of the smoke particles caused by the impacts of the air molecules.

34
Q

Pressure X volume

A

Pressure X volume is constant

35
Q

Pressure equation when 3 of 4 variable are known

A

P1 x V1 = P2 X V2
P1 X V1/ P2 = V2

36
Q

What is the relationship between pressure and volume?

A

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume
As pressure increases volume decreases

37
Q

What does the density of an object depend on?

A

What it’s made of and how its particles are arranged

38
Q

Density

A

A measure of the ‘compactness’ of a substance. It relates the mass of a substance to how much space it takes up.

39
Q

What effect does heating a system have on an object’s internal energy?

A

It transfers energy to its particles (they gain energy in their kinetic stores and move faster), increasing the internal energy. This then leads a change in temperature or a change in state.

40
Q

When does a change in state of a substance occur?

A

If the substance is heated enough- the particles will have enough energy in their kinetic stores to break the bonds holding them together.

41
Q

Interpreting a change of state graph ( heating)

A

When a substance is melting or boiling, your still putting in energy and so increasing the internal energy, but the energy’s used for breaking intermolecular bonds rather than raising the temperature. There are flat spots on the heating graph where energy is being transferred by heating but not being used to change the temperature.

42
Q

Interpreting a change of state graph (freezing)

A

When a substance is condensing or freezing, bonds are forming between particles, which releases energy. This means the internal energy decreases, but the temperature doesn’t go down until all the substance has turned to liquid (condensing) or a solid (freezing). The flat parts of the graph show this energy transfer.

GCSE Physics (9 decks)

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