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Physics - Paper 2 > P5.1 > Flashcards

P5.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a wave

A

A wave is a physical phenomenon that transfers energy WITHOUT TRANSFERRING MATTER.

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2
Q

Wave speed in the different states

A

Gas = particles far apart = vibrations passed on slowly = slow wave speed

Liquid = particles closer together = vibrations passed on faster = faster wave speed

Solid = particles very close together = vibrations passed on very fast = very fast wave speed

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3
Q

What is a longitudinal wave

A

Waves in which vibrations are PARALLEL to the direction of energy transfer/wave travel.

Eg. sound waves

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4
Q

Example of a longitudinal wave

A

Sound wave

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5
Q

What is a transverse wave

A

Waves in which vibrations are PERPENDICULAR to the direction of energy transfer/wave travel.

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6
Q

Example of a transverse wave

A

light / EM radiation

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7
Q

What is the normal line on a wave diagram

A

The mean position of a particle, about which it vibrates

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8
Q

What is the amplitude on a wave diagram

A

Maximum displacement of particles from their mean position

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9
Q

The bigger the amplitude the more ____ the wave carries

A

The bigger the amplitude the more ENERGY the wave carries

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10
Q

What is wavelength on a wave diagram

A

Distance from one peak (or trough) to the next peak (or trough)

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11
Q

What is frequency on a wave diagram

A

Number of peaks passing a point each second

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12
Q

How does wavelength effect frequency?

A

Bigger the wavelength, smaller the frequency

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13
Q

How are transverse waves represented on a wave diagram

A

peaks/troughs are perpendicular to the normal line

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14
Q

How are longitudinal waves represented on a wave diagram

A

Compressions = peaks

Rarefactions = troughs

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15
Q

What is a compression in a longitudinal wave

A
  • particles squashed together
  • high pressure
  • peaks
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16
Q

What is a rarefaction in a longitudinal wave

A
  • particles spread far apart
  • low pressure
  • troughs
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17
Q

EQUATION THAT IS NOT ON DATA SHEET BUT YOU NEED TO KNOW = RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FREQUENCY AND TIME PERIOD

A
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18
Q

What is time period

A

The time taken to produce one wave / time it takes for one complete oscillation

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19
Q

Wave equation

A

Wave speed = frequency X wavelength

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20
Q

What is frequency measured in

A

Hz

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21
Q

Does wave velocity every change in the same medium

A

NOOOOOO

22
Q

What can waves do

A

reflection(waves reverse direction)

… refraction(waves change direction/bend)

… diffraction(waves spread out)

23
Q

Reflection/ refraction / diffraction can only happen at…

A

At the boundary between two media

24
Q

What happens when a wave crosses a boundary

A

…..speed will change… FREQUENCY NEVER CHANGES

… wavelength will change

25
Q

Reflection definition

A

Reflection is the wave phenomenon by which a wave reverses direction as it meets the boundary between two media.

26
Q

Rules of reflection

A

“The angle of incidence, i is equal to the angle of reflection, r” i = r

27
Q

What is a normal line on a RAY diagram

A

Intersects the mirror / lens BOUNDARY at exactly 90 degrees

28
Q

What is an incident ray on a RAY diagram

A

Ray of light that comes towards the mirror

29
Q

What is a reflected ray on a RAY diagram

A

Ray of light that moves away from the mirror, having interacted with the boundary

30
Q

What is the angle of incidence

A

Angle incident ray makes with normal

31
Q

What is the angle of reflection

A

Angle the reflected ray makes with the normal

32
Q

How to draw a ray diagram for a image formed in a mirror

A

You need 2 incident rays from the object.

You then project the 2 reflected rays back into the mirror.

33
Q

Refraction definition

A

Refraction is the wave phenomenon by which a wave changes direction (bends) as it crosses the boundary between two media.

34
Q

How does refraction work

A

As waves cross a boundary between two different media…
… their speed changes…
… their direction changes…
… they are observed to bend.

35
Q

Draw an example of a refraction ray diagram on a glass cube - use the air-glass boundary

A
36
Q

What happens if a wave passes from a less dense medium to a more dense medium

A

Waves bend TOWARDS THE NORMAL when they pass from less dense to more dense medium + they slow down

37
Q

What happens if a wave passes from a more dense medium to a less dense medium

A

Waves bend AWAY FROM THE NORMAL when they pass from more dense to less dense medium + when they speed up

38
Q

What is an ultrasound

A

is the name given to sound waves with a frequency greater than 20,000Hz.

39
Q

What are ultrasound scans used for

A

used to image a baby inside a womb as well as detecting cracks in metal pipes and buildings.

40
Q

How does an ultrasound scan work

A
  • The transducer is a device that produces ultrasound waves by causing a crystal to vibrate very rapidly.
  • The ultrasound waves are partially reflectedevery time they cross a boundarybetween different media.
  • The reflected ultrasound waves return to the transducer as a series of pulses, which are deciphered to form an image.
41
Q

What is the first recorded pulse on a oscilloscope trace

A

The first recorded pulse is always the reflection of the transmitted pulse as it crosses into the body.

42
Q

Depth of boundary formula

A

Depth of boundary= (speed of the ultrasound waves) x (transit time) x ½

43
Q

The oscilloscope beam takes 32 millionths of a second to travel across each grid square on the screen.

How long does each pulse take to travel to its reflecting boundary?

What is the distance from the body surface to the nearest boundary? The speed of ultrasound in the body is 1500m/s.

A
44
Q

What happens if the light passes through the normal line like this

A

Whenever light passes between media along the normal line, IT DOESN’T REFRACT…

… passes straight through

45
Q

How does the ear detect sound

A
  1. The pinna and auditory canal gather the sound wave; direct sound into the ear drum
  2. The ear drum vibrates, and causes the ossicles to vibrate; vibrations of sound wave amplified
  3. Cochlea transmits vibrations to small hairs
  4. Hairs are attached to sound-detecting cells;
  5. Cells release chemicals when stimulated, electrical signal sent to brain via auditory nerve
46
Q

What is the ear designed to do

A

to detect, amplify and convert sound to an electrical signal.

47
Q

What does the pinnacle and auditory canal do

A

gather the sound wave; direct sound into the ear drum

48
Q

What does the cochlea do

A

transmits vibrations to small hairs

49
Q

What is a natural frequency of an object

A

natural frequency of an object is the frequencyat which it can (physically) vibrate.

50
Q

Why does the human ear have an Audible range

A

The human ear drum can only vibratebetween 20Hz and 20,000Hz…… it is unable to vibrate any slower or faster than these limits.

Thus, the human audible range is only 20hz-20,000Hz

Physics - Paper 2 (10 decks)

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