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Physics: P3 > P3.1 Medical applications of physics > Flashcards

P3.1 Medical applications of physics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are x-rays part of?

A

The electromagnetic spectrum

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2
Q

What do x-rays have?

A

A very short wavelength

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3
Q

What do x-rays cause?

A

Ionisation

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4
Q

X-rays are absorbed by…

A

Metal and bone

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5
Q

X-rays are transmitted by…

A

Soft tissue

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6
Q

What can x-rays be used to diagnose and treat?

A

Some medical conditions, e.g. CT scans, bone fractures, dental problems and killing cancer cells

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7
Q

Do precautions need to be taken when x-ray machines and CT scanners are in use?

A

Yes

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8
Q

What is the range of human hearing?

A

20 Hz to 20 000 Hz

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9
Q

What can electronic systems be used to produce?

A

Ultrasound waves, which have a frequency higher than the upper limit of hearing for humans?

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10
Q

What happens to ultrasound waves when they meet a boundary between two mediums?

A

They are partially reflected

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11
Q

What can the time taken for reflections to reach a detector determine?

A

How far away the boundary is

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12
Q

What is the equation for distance between interfaces in various media?

A

s = v x t

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13
Q

What does the s stand for?

A

Distance

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14
Q

What does the v stand for?

A

Speed

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15
Q

What does the t stand for?

A

Time

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16
Q

Ultrasound waves can be used in…

A

Medicine, e.g. pre-natal scanning and the removal of kidney stones

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17
Q

What is refraction?

A

The change of direction of light as it passes from one medium to another

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18
Q

How does a lens form an image?

A

By refracting light

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19
Q

What happens in a convex or converging lens?

A

Parallel rays of light are brought to a focus at the principal focus

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20
Q

What is the distance from the lens to the principal focus called?

A

The focal length

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21
Q

What is the calculation for refractive index?

A

sin i
Refractive index = ———
sin r

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22
Q

What is the nature of an image defined by?

A

Its size relative to the object, whether it is upright or inverted relative to the object and whether it is real or virtual

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23
Q

What is the nature of an image produced by a converging lens at 2F?

A

Same size, inverted, real

24
Q

What is the nature of an image produced by a converging lens further than 2F?

A

Diminished, inverted, real

25
Q

What is the nature of an image produced by a converging lens close than 2F?

A

Magnified, upright, vitrual

26
Q

What can a converging lens be used as?

A

A magnifying glass

27
Q

What is the nature of an image produced by a concave lens?

A

Virtual, upright and diminished

28
Q

How is magnification calculated?

A

image height
Magnification = ———————
object height

29
Q

What is the function of the cornea in the eye?

A

Refracts light as it enters the eye

30
Q

What is the function of the iris in the eye?

A

Controls how much light enters the pupil

31
Q

What is the function of the pupil in the eye?

A

Allows light to pass through as it enters the eye

32
Q

What is the function of the lens in the eye?

A

Refracts light and focuses it onto the retina. The amount of refraction can be adjusted by altering the thickness and curvature of the lens

33
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscles in the eye?

A

Adjust the shape of the lens to make it more or less curved, so as to increase or decrease the refraction of light

34
Q

What is the function of the suspensory ligaments in the eye?

A

Slacken or stretch as the ciliary muscles contract or relax, to adjust the thickness and curvature of the lens

35
Q

What is the function of the retina in the eye?

A

Contains the light receptors, which trigger electrical impulses to be sent to the brain when light is detected

36
Q

What does correction of vision use?

A

Convex and concave lenses to produce an image on the retina

37
Q

What is long-sightedness caused by?

A

The eyeball being too short or the eye lens being unable to focus

38
Q

What is short-sightedness caused by?

A

The eye ball being too long or the eye lens being unable to focus

39
Q

The eyes can focus on objects between the…

A

Near point and the far point

40
Q

What is the near point?

A

Approximately 25 cm

41
Q

What is the far point?

A

Infinity

42
Q

What is the structure of the eye similar to?

A

A camera

43
Q

What is the camera’s version of the retina?

A

The film or the CCD’s

44
Q

What equation is the power of a lens given by?

A

1
P = —–
f

45
Q

What does the p stand for?

A

Power in dioptres, D

46
Q

What does the f stand for?

A

Focal length in metres, m

47
Q

What is the power of a converging lens?

A

Positive

48
Q

What is the power of a diverging lens?

A

Negative

49
Q

What is the focal length of a lens determined by?

A

The refractive index of the material from which the lens is made and the curvature of the two surfaces of the lens

50
Q

For a give focal length, the greater the refractive index…

A

The flatter the lens. This means that the lens can be manufactured thinner

51
Q

What is the total internal reflection?

A

Beyond the critical angle, when all waves reflect back into the glass

52
Q

What is the critical angle?

A

When the angle of incidence is equal to 90 degrees

53
Q

What is the equation for total internal reflection and the critical angle?

A

1
refractive index = ———–
sin c

54
Q

What does the c stand for?

A

Critical angle

55
Q

What can visible light be sent along?

A

Optical fibres

56
Q

What can a laser be used for?

A

Cutting cauterising and burning

57
Q

An endoscope uses optical fibres, what is an endoscope used for?

A

Internal imaging

Physics: P3 (2 decks)

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