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10A Physics > P3 - Thermal Physics > Flashcards

P3 - Thermal Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the particle arrangement of a solid [2]

A

Tightly packed in regular arrangement / particles cannot move but vibrate on the spot

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2
Q

Describe the particle arrangement of a liquid [2]

A

Close together but irregular / they can flow past each other

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3
Q

Describe the particle arrangement of a gas [2]

A

Separated with no regular arrangement / particles can move freely

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4
Q

How does density compare in solids, liquids and gases [1]

A

Solids are the most dense, then liquids, then gases

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5
Q

How does temperature affect the motion of particles [2]

A

As temperature increase, particles have more kinetic energy, so vibrate / move more

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6
Q

What is Brownian motion [2]

A

The constant and random movement of particles in a fluid resulting from collision between the particles

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7
Q

What is evaporation [1]

A

The escape of higher-energy particles from the surface of a liquid to form a gas

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8
Q

What happens when gases cool? [2]

A

They lose energy and condense back into a liquid

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9
Q

What happens if the volume of a fluid is decreased? [1]

A

The pressure increases (if temperature is constant)

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10
Q

What happens if the temperature of a gas is increased (at a constant volume) [1]

A

The pressure increases

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11
Q

Recall the equation that relates pressure and volume at a constant temperature [1]

A

pV = constant

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12
Q

What are the SI units for pressure? [1]

A

Pascals (Pa)

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13
Q

What are the SI units for volume? [1]

A

Metres cubed (m³)

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14
Q

What is thermal expansion? [3]

A

When a material is heated, the particles have more kinetic energy / so move more / resulting in more space between molecules

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15
Q

What state of matter experience the most thermal expansion and why? [2]

A

Gases because the particles have the most freedom to move

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16
Q

Describe how temperature is measured by liquid in glass apparatus [2]

A

As temperature rises the liquid expands / a scale is used to calibrate and convert expansion to a temperature value

17
Q

Give examples of fixed points used to calibrate thermometers [2]

A

Melting point of water / Boiling point of water

18
Q

Describe sensitivity [1]

A

The change in output per unit change in input

19
Q

What is the sensitivity of a thermometer? [1]

A

The change in length per degree change in temperature

20
Q

Describe how to increase the sensitivity of a thermometer [2]

A

Bigger bulb / narrower bulb

21
Q

Define range [1]

A

The difference between the maximum and minimum values

22
Q

How can the range of a thermometer be increased [2]

A

Wider bore / longer stem

23
Q

Define linearity with an example [2]

A

When a change in input causes the same change in output (e.g. 1ᵒC produces a 1mm change)

24
Q

What kind of materials can conduction occur in? [2]

A

Solids and liquids

25
Q

Describe the process of conduction [3]

A

Solid or liquids is heated / particles vibrate more / energy is transferred to adjacent molecules via collisions transferring energy from hot to cold regions

26
Q

In which materials can convection occur? [2]

A

In liquids and gases

27
Q

Describe the process of convection [4]

A

When a section of fluid (liquid or gas) is heated it becomes less dense / this causes the fluid to rise / denser fluid falls to take its place and is then heated causing it to rise / this sets up a convection current

28
Q

What kind of materials can transfer infrared radiation? [1]

A

Any kind of material, it does not require a medium

29
Q

What is infrared radiation? [1]

A

An electromagnetic wave

30
Q

What are the best absorbers of infrared radiation? [1]

A

Black, dull surfaces

31
Q

What are the best emitters of infrared radiation? [1]

A

Black, dull surfaces

32
Q

What are the best reflectors of infrared radiation? [1]

A

White, shiny surfaces

33
Q

What factors affect the amount of infrared radiation emitted by a body? [2]

A

Temperature (higher = more IR) / Surface area (larger = more IR)

10A Physics (8 decks)

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