P3 - Particle Model of Matter Flashcards
What does the particle model of matter state?
Everything is made up of tiny particles
The particle model describes matter as consisting of small particles that are in constant motion.
How can particles in matter be visualized in particle theory?
As tiny balls
This visualization helps explain the behavior of matter based on particle movement and forces.
What are the three states of matter according to the particle model?
- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas
Each state has a different arrangement and energy level of particles.
Describe the arrangement and energy of particles in solids.
Fixed, regular arrangement with low energy
Particles in solids vibrate about fixed positions due to strong forces of attraction.
Describe the arrangement and energy of particles in liquids.
Irregular arrangement with more energy than solids
Liquid particles can move past each other but remain close together.
Describe the arrangement and energy of particles in gases.
Random arrangement with high energy
Gas particles are free to move and have almost no forces of attraction between them.
What happens when gas particles collide with a container?
They exert a force, creating pressure
Pressure is defined as the force exerted per unit area.
How is pressure defined in a gas?
The total force exerted by gas particles on a unit area of container walls
This definition applies to gases in sealed containers.
What effect does increasing the temperature of a gas have?
It increases the average energy and speed of the particles
Higher temperature leads to more kinetic energy in gas particles.
Fill in the blank: Pressure in a gas at constant volume increases when the temperature _______.
increases
Increased temperature causes particles to collide more frequently and with greater force.
What is the relationship between particle speed and temperature in a gas?
Higher temperature results in higher average speed of particles
This relationship is due to the kinetic energy stored in the particles.
True or False: Gases have strong forces of attraction between particles.
False
Gases have almost no forces of attraction, allowing for free movement of particles.
What happens to the momentum of particles when temperature increases?
It increases
Increased momentum results in a larger force during collisions with the container.
What does density measure?
The compactness of a substance, relating mass to volume.
What are the units of density?
kg/m³ and g/cm³.
What is the symbol for density?
The Greek letter rho (ρ).
How is density calculated?
Density = mass ÷ volume.
What is the density of a gold bar with a mass of 12 kg and a volume of 6.3 × 10⁴ m³?
19,000 kg/m³ (to 2 significant figures).
How does the arrangement of particles affect density?
Density depends on the material’s composition and particle arrangement.
True or False: Solids are generally denser than liquids.
True.
What is the first step to find the density of a solid object?
Use a balance to measure its mass.
How do you find the volume of a regular solid?
Measure length, width, and height, then calculate using the relevant formula.
What method is used to find the volume of an irregular solid?
Submerge it in a eureka can filled with water.
Fill in the blank: The volume of a cube is equal to _______.
length x width x height.
What should you do after measuring the mass of a liquid in a measuring cylinder?
Record the liquid’s mass.
What is the relationship between milliliters and cubic centimeters?
1 ml = 1 cm³.
What is the practical step after recording the mass of the liquid?
Pour another 10 ml into the measuring cylinder and repeat the process.
What do you do with the calculated densities to find a value for the density of the liquid?
Take an average of the calculated densities.
What does a denser material indicate about its particles?
Its particles are packed tightly together.
What happens to the density of a material if it is compressed?
It becomes more dense as its volume decreases.
What is Internal Energy?
The total energy stored by particles in a system
Internal Energy includes both kinetic and potential energy of particles.
What types of energy do the particles in a system have?
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
Kinetic energy is due to motion, while potential energy is due to the position of particles.
How does heating a system affect its internal energy?
Heating transfers energy to particles, increasing their kinetic energy and internal energy
This causes particles to move faster.
What factors affect the change in temperature when heating a substance?
- Mass of the substance
- Specific heat capacity
- Energy input
Specific heat capacity is a property that indicates how much energy is needed to raise the temperature of a substance.
What happens during a change of state?
Particles gain enough energy to break the bonds holding them together
This occurs when a substance is heated sufficiently.
What are the two main changes of state when heating a substance?
- Boiling (or evaporating) for liquids
- Melting for solids
Both processes result in a change from one state of matter to another.
What happens to particles during cooling?
Particles lose energy and form bonds
This can lead to changes of state such as condensation or freezing.
List the changes of state for solids, liquids, and gases.
- Solid: freezing, melting
- Liquid: boiling, evaporating, condensing
- Gas: sublimating
These processes describe how matter transitions between different states.
Is a change of state a physical or chemical change?
Physical change
The substance remains the same, just in a different form.
What happens if you reverse a change of state?
The substance returns to its original form and properties
This indicates that physical changes are reversible.
What does it mean for mass to be conserved during a change of state?
The number of particles does not change; they are just arranged differently
This means no mass is lost when a substance changes state.
What is Internal Energy?
The total energy stored by particles in a system
Internal Energy includes both kinetic and potential energy of particles.
What types of energy do the particles in a system have?
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
Kinetic energy is due to motion, while potential energy is due to the position of particles.
How does heating a system affect its internal energy?
Heating transfers energy to particles, increasing their kinetic energy and internal energy
This causes particles to move faster.
What factors affect the change in temperature when heating a substance?
- Mass of the substance
- Specific heat capacity
- Energy input
Specific heat capacity is a property that indicates how much energy is needed to raise the temperature of a substance.
What happens during a change of state?
Particles gain enough energy to break the bonds holding them together
This occurs when a substance is heated sufficiently.
What are the two main changes of state when heating a substance?
- Boiling (or evaporating) for liquids
- Melting for solids
Both processes result in a change from one state of matter to another.
What happens to particles during cooling?
Particles lose energy and form bonds
This can lead to changes of state such as condensation or freezing.
List the changes of state for solids, liquids, and gases.
- Solid: freezing, melting
- Liquid: boiling, evaporating, condensing
- Gas: sublimating
These processes describe how matter transitions between different states.
Is a change of state a physical or chemical change?
Physical change
The substance remains the same, just in a different form.
What happens if you reverse a change of state?
The substance returns to its original form and properties
This indicates that physical changes are reversible.
What does it mean for mass to be conserved during a change of state?
The number of particles does not change; they are just arranged differently
This means no mass is lost when a substance changes state.
What is the energy required to change the state of a substance called?
Latent heat
Latent heat refers to the energy absorbed or released during a phase change without a change in temperature.
What is Specific Latent Heat?
The amount of energy needed to change 1 kg of a substance from one state to another without changing its temperature
Specific latent heat varies for different materials and states.
What is the specific latent heat of fusion?
The specific latent heat for changing between a solid and a liquid (melting or freezing)
It is the energy required to change a substance from solid to liquid or vice versa.
What is the specific latent heat of vaporisation?
The specific latent heat for changing between a liquid and a gas (evaporating, boiling, or condensing)
It is the energy required to change a substance from liquid to gas or vice versa.
What happens to temperature during melting or boiling?
The temperature does not rise while energy is being added
Energy is used to break bonds between particles instead of increasing temperature.
What happens during condensing or freezing?
Bonds are forming between particles, releasing energy
This process decreases internal energy without lowering temperature until the phase change is complete.
What is the formula for calculating energy needed for a change of state?
E = mL
Where E is energy in joules, m is mass in kg, and L is specific latent heat in J/kg.
What is the specific latent heat of vaporisation for water?
2,260,000 J/kg
This value is used to calculate the energy required to boil water.
Calculate the energy needed to completely boil 1.50 kg of water at 100 °C.
3,390,000 J
Using the formula E = mL: E = 1.50 × 2,260,000.
True or False: Specific latent heat is the same for all materials.
False
Specific latent heat varies between different materials and their states.
Fill in the blank: The flat parts of the heating graph indicate _______.
Energy transfer without a temperature change
During phase changes, energy is added or released without changing temperature.
