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Physics AQA > P3 Particle Model of Matter > Flashcards

P3 Particle Model of Matter Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of density? State the relevant equation with units.

A
  • The mass per unit volume of a material
  • p = m/v
  • Density (kg/m3), Mass (kg), Volume (m3)
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2
Q

State the different states of matter in order (least to most) of density of atoms.

A
  • Least dense: Gas
  • Liquid
  • Most dense: Solid
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3
Q

Describe the particle arrangement of a solid.

A

Tightly packed in a regular arrangement. Particles can only vibrate on the spot.

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4
Q

What is always conserved when a substance undergoes a change of state?

A

Mass

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4
Q
A

Close together, but with an irregular arrangement. They can flow over each other.

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5
Q

Describe the particle arrangement of a gas.

A

Separated, with no regular arrangement. Particles can move freely.

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6
Q

How does a change of state differ from a chemical change?

A

In a change of state, the material can return to having its previous properties if the change is reversed.

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7
Q

What is sublimation?

A

When a solid changes into a gas without passing through a liquid state.

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8
Q

What is evaporation?

A

When a liquid changes into a gas state.

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8
Q

What is is the opposite of evaporation?

A

Condensation, which is when a gas changes into a liquid state.

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9
Q

Explain the processes involved when a bathroom mirror mists up.

A
  • Hot water evaporates to form water vapour
  • This water vapour lands on the cooler mirror
  • The vapour condenses and returns to liquid state on the mirror’s surface
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9
Q

How does heating affect the energy of a substance?

A
  • Heating transfers energy to the substance
  • It increases the energy of the particles that make up the substance
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10
Q

When water boils in an open pan, why does the mass of the pan of water appear to decrease?

A

Some of the water will evaporate and turn into water vapour. This will leave the pan meaning the mass of the pan will decrease.
The mass of the whole system however remains constant.

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11
Q

What is the internal energy of a substance?

A
  • The energy stored by the particles
  • The sum of the total kinetic and
    potential energies that make up the total kinetic and potential energies that make up the system
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12
Q

What two things can heating a substance do?

A
  1. Raise its temperature
  2. Change the state of the substance
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13
Q

What three factors determine the temperature change of a system?

A
  1. Mass of substance being heated
  2. Type of material (Specific heat
    capacity)
  3. Energy inputted into the system
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14
Q

State the equation used to calculate the temperature change when a substance is heated.
Give appropriate units.

A
  • △Е = m с △θ
  • Energy (J), Mass (kg), Specific Heat
    Capacity (J/kg/°C), Temperature (°C)
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15
Q

Define specific heat capacity.

A

The amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1°C.

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16
Q

Describe how the internal energy and temperature of a substance changes when a change of state occurs.

A
  • The internal energy of the substance will be increased or decreased
  • The temperature of the substance will remain constant
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17
Q

Define specific latent heat.

A

The amount of energy needed to change the state of 1kg of a substance with no change in temperature.

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18
Q

State the equation for the energy required to change state. Give appropriate units.

A
  • Energy to change state = mass x specific latent heat
  • Energy (J), Mass (kg), Specific latent heat (J/kg)
19
Q

What is the specific latent heat of fusion?

A

The energy required to change 1kg of a substance from solid state to liquid state without a change in temperature.

20
Q

What is the specific latent heat of vaporisation?

A

The energy required to change 1kg of a substance from liquid state to gas state (vapour) without a change in temperature.

21
Q

Describe the motion of molecules in a gas.

A

They are in constant random motion.

22
Q

What factor affects the average kinetic energy of gas molecules?

A
  • The temperature of the substance
  • The higher the temperature, the higher the average kinetic energy of the molecules
23
Q

What effect does increasing temperature have on the pressure of a gas when held at constant volume?

A

Pressure of the gas will increase as the temperature increases.

24
Q

Why does pressure increase as temperature increases (at a constant volume)?

A
  • Kinetic energy of molecules increases
  • Collisions between molecules becomes more frequent
  • Greater rate of change of momentum
  • Greater force and therefore pressure
25
Q

If gas A is at a low pressure, and gas B is at a high pressure, what can be said about the rate of collisions ni each gas?

A
  • There are more collisions per second in gas B than in gas A
  • The rate of collisions is higher in B
26
Q

Describe the force that the pressure of a gas exerts on the walls of its container.

A
  • The net force acts at right-angles to the container’s surface
  • The force increases as pressure increases
27
Q

Explain how increasing the volume of a gas results in a decrease of pressure.

A
  • Molecules become more spread out and so time between collisions increases
  • This reduces the rate of collisions
  • Rate of change of momentum decreases, and so force exerted on container decreases, resulting in a lower pressure
28
Q

What can be said about the product of pressure and volume for a fixed mass of gas at a constant temperature?

A

It is constant.
p V = constant

29
Q

What is the unit used for pressure?

A

Pascal (Pa)

30
Q

What increases when you do work on a gas?

A
  • The internal energy of the gas
  • This can also lead to an increase of temperature
31
Q

Why does the temperature of air inside a bike pump increase when it is pumped?

A
  • Work is done on a gas when it is compressed
  • Doing work on a gas increases its internal energy, so also increases the average kinetic energy of
    the molecules
  • Temperature increases with an increase of
32
Q

Change in Thermal Energy:​

A

The product of the mass, specific heat capacity and temperature change of a substance.

33
Q

Chemical Changes:

A

​Changes to the chemical structure of a substance. The substance does not usually restore its original properties when the changes are reversed.

34
Q

Condensation:​

A

The changing from vapour state to a liquid state, when a substance is cooled.

35
Q

Evaporation:

A

The changing from liquid state to a vapour state, when a substance
is heated.

36
Q

Density:​

A

The mass per unit volume of an object.

37
Q

Freezing:

A

The changing from a liquid state to a solid state, when a substance is cooled.

38
Q

Gas Temperature:

A

The temperature of a gas is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of its molecules.

39
Q

Internal Energy:

A

The energy stored by the atoms and molecules that make up a system. It is equal to the sum of the total kinetic and potential energies of the particles in the system.

40
Q

Latent Heat:

A

The energy required for a substance to change state.

41
Q

Pascals:

A

The unit of pressure, equal to a force of one Newton acting perpendicular to an area of one metre squared.

42
Q

Melting:

A

The changing from solid state to liquid state, when a substance is heated.

42
Q

Physical Changes:

A

Changes to the physical properties of a substance which can be reversed. Changes of state are physical changes since substances can restore their original properties when the changes are reversed.

43
Q

Specific Heat Capacity:​

A

The amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of one kilogram of a given substance by one degree Celsius.

43
Q

Pressure:

A

The force acting perpendicular to a surface, per unit area.

44
Q

Specific Latent Heat of Fusion:

A

The amount of energy needed to change the state of one kilogram of a substance from solid state to liquid state, whilst held at constant temperature.

45
Q

Specific Latent Heat of Vaporisation:

A

The amount of energy needed to change the state of one kilogram of a substance from liquid state to vapour state, whilst held at constant temperature.

46
Q

Specific Latent Heat:

A

The amount of energy needed to change the state of one kilogram of a substance, whilst held at constant temperature.

47
Q

Sublimation:

A

The direct changing of a substance from a solid state to a vapour state, without passing through the liquid phase.

Physics AQA (4 decks)

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