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American Culture > P3: Introduction > Flashcards

P3: Introduction Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pilgrims

A
  1. Protestant immigrants (teachings of John Calvin) who abandoned local parishes and formed small congregations of their own. The Church of England was not holy enough.
  2. Also called Separatists.
  3. Sartorial choices (kleding style) black hats with broad brims, buckle shoes.
  4. Lived in Cape Cod, leader William Bradford; self-sustaining, friendly, withdrawn & leery of others
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2
Q

Puritans

A

Larger group protestant immigrants, nonseparating Episcopalians, determined to cleanse the English Church of its remnants of Roman Catholicism. Remained at home during the 1620s & through participation in Parliament tried to prod the Stuart kings toward toleration (=failed)

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3
Q

Mayflower

A

Ship that brought 102 immigrants to the Americanas in 1620 (66 day journey).

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4
Q

Desertion pilgrims

A

Ecclesiastical insult to the king = punishable by jail or death => appr 100 Separatists left England (1607-08) = religious freedom in Netherlands => Mayflower to America

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5
Q

Thanksgiving

A

last Thursday in November a foundational gift from the Separatists of welcoming, accomodating, communal feasting. First feast in 1621 90 members local tribe; venison, corn, squash & Turkey.
( a solemn religious observance combining prayer and feasting. Ceremonies to give thanks for successful harvests, for the hope of a good growing season in the early spring, and for other good fortune such as the birth of a child.)

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6
Q

John Winthrop

A

Man who led in 1630 some 1,000 English Puritans (Great Migration to Massachusetts Bay Colony (north of Plymouth). Fleeing the Royal Wrath (Charles I)= prersecution of dissidents.

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7
Q

New England colonies (1640)

A

‘Bay colonies’ appr 20,000 Puritans (over Pilgrims)

  • more numerous
  • more literate
  • more controlling
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8
Q

Massachusetts Puritans

A
  • established towns around Boston
  • forged a theocracy of magistrates & Congregational clergymen to control the growing population
  • hanged dissenters
  • aggressive
  • arroagant
  • no intention of sharing (food & land) with native Americans (thanksgiving)
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9
Q

Differences between Pilgrim Saints & Bay Colony Puritans

A

Pilgrim Saints: forgiving toward others

Bay Colony Puritains: God-given superiority & could do with New England as they pleased.

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10
Q

Squanto

A

local Indian, English-speaking, of Wampanoags tribe. Tought Pilgrims to fish & live off the land.

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11
Q

algonquian languages

A

native American languages

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12
Q

Massasoit

A

Indian leader, at Thanksgiving feast 1621, is agent of destruction of Indian authority in New England.

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13
Q

Metacomet

A

= Philip = son of Massasoit of Wampanoags. cobbled coalition of tribes + attacked Massachusetts & Rhode Island => regaining ancestral land

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14
Q

King Philip’s War

A

1675-1676; North America, a dozen New England towns torched; 4,000 indians + 650 immigrants died => indian life distroyed

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15
Q

Thanksgiving holiday

A

1789; President George Washington= commemoration of republic’s victory War of Independence = successful ratification of new United States Constitution.
1863; President Abraham Lincoln = attempt to heal wounds after Union victory at Gettysburg in American Civil War (October 3rd). National holiday = North & South, regardless of race, politics, religious views.

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16
Q

modern American values

A

Work habits:
- success as sign of salvation
- prudishness (revealing clothes etc)
- fraternizing = unproductive & unprofessional
- personal items in the office = unprofessional
Values:
- Puritan values = guiding moral judgements
- prejudice against racial minorities & poor
- hostility toward social welfare efforts
- self-denigration (among obese women)

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17
Q

Anasazi

A

group in present day New-Mexico. Known for:

  • crafted jewelry
  • decorated pottery
  • settlements called ‘pueblos’
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18
Q

pueblos

A

settlement of the Anasazi

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19
Q

Cahokia

A

Major settlement where the Mississippi & Missouri Rivers converge (East St. Louis)

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20
Q

settlements Atlantic Coast

A

tribes/groups engaged in hunting, farming and fishing

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21
Q

Iroquois Federation

A

Alliance formed in 1450 in upstate New York between 5 large tribes.

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22
Q

Great lakes groups

A

(today’s upper Midwest) pursued agriculture, fishing & Buffalo hunting. Depending on their region’s ecology.

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23
Q

population 1500s (2)

A
  • 7-10 million people in North America.

- Millions more in Mesoamerica & South America (Mayan, Aztec, Incan). Flourished over a millennium.

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24
Q

Leif Erikson

A

Norse voyager that reached the northeastern tip of North America in 1000AD. Short-lived settlement Newfoundland.

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25
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

Italian who persuaded the Spanish monarchs Ferdinand & Isabella to finance a voyage to the west. On August 3rd, 1492 he set foot from Palos (Spain) to discover on October 12th the Island San Salvador (convinced he found the Indies). Called the local Indians.
Gripped by ambition, wealth, honors & zeal to convert the Indians to Christianity.

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26
Q

Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain

A

Need to extend their domains, outshine their rivals & acquire fabulous riches of this ‘brave new world’ (from The Tempest/Shakespeare)

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27
Q

Spread of European settlements

A

Spanish=

  • 1565: St. Augustine = Florida
  • 1609: Santa Fe = New Mexico
  • Caribbean
  • Mexico
  • Central America
  • South America

Dutch=

  • 1609:Henry Hudson (New York) Dutch East India Company
  • 1625: Nieuw Amsterdam (=Manhattan Island) from local Lenape Indians

English=

  • England’s American colonies
  • 1632: Maryland = Cecilius Calvert = Catholic (shelters fleeing English Catholics)
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28
Q

Jamestown

A

Settlement of the English 1607 after Elizabeth’s successor James I in Virginia (after Elizabeth). Settlers were struck by disease, starvation and Indian attacks.

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29
Q

adventurers

A

Investors of a group of 6 hundred settlers in Jamestown.

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30
Q

1611 + Jamestown

A

Turningpoint when the Tobacco becomes profitable export for pipe-smoking Europe.

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31
Q

17.C export products

A
  • Tobacco
  • rice
  • indigo
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32
Q

religions 17C America (7)

A
  • Protestant Church of England
  • Scottish Presbyterians
  • Spanish Catholics
  • Quackers
  • Methodists
  • Baptists
  • Pilgrims (as of 1620 Plymouth)
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33
Q

Puritans

A

1630 Boston; desired to purify the Church of England of surviving popish practices. = joyless prudes => worship austere + bible based. congregation autonomous + self -governing.
lifelyhood= farming, fisheries, urban occupations, oceangoing trade (timber, grain, naval stores, dried codfish, Sugar, molasses (for rum), tea, furniture, dishware, manufactured goods.

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34
Q

England’s colonies

A

Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine

Middle Atlantic region; Pennsylvania, New York, Delaware and New Jersey

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35
Q

William Penn

A

1681 grant by Charles II => Pennsylvania = Quacker convert = welcomed English Quackers, European religious dessenters (incl. Swiss + German Mennonites)

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36
Q

New Amsterdam

A

1664 surrendered to English => renamed New York (after Duke of York= future King James II)

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37
Q

1702 + New Jersey

A

Royal province by James II

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38
Q

smallpox

A

disease that devastated Indian communities. String that was brought to America by the Europeans.

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39
Q

1680

A

Pueblo + Apache uprising

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40
Q

1637

A

Colonists + Mohegans + Narragansetts against Pequots

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41
Q

1622

A

Uprising local Powhatan Indians in Jamestown

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42
Q

1763

A

Scots Irish settlers along Susquehanna Rivers laughtered Conestoga Indians

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43
Q

1675-1676

A

Wampanoag sachem Metacom declared war againt the newcomers.

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44
Q

1619

A

First slave ship arrives in Jamestown

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45
Q

1705 law

A

Viginia law defined slavery as a perpetual condition (via mother)

46
Q

1790

A

700,000 slaves in North America

47
Q

1712

A

slave uprising New York

48
Q

1739

A

Slave uprising South Carolina

49
Q

mercantilism

A

England + colonies as single economic unit controlled from London.

50
Q

Navigation Acts 1651-1733

A

colonies supply raw materials while importing manufactured products + consumer goods from England (encouraging shipbuilding, fisheries, Tobacco cultivation, production of naval stores)

51
Q

Great Awakening

A

revivalism (religious) 1740s by George Whitefield

52
Q

John Winthrop

A

Massachusetts’ first governor

53
Q

‘a city on a hill’

A

god’s ultimate plan for humanity

54
Q

1692

A

witch craft trials (= sign of God’s displeasure)

55
Q

Colony + elites

A 
Virginia = great planters
New York = landed proprietors
Philidelphia = Quackers
New England = shipmasters
9 colleges (Harvard= 1636 to Dartmouth= 1769)
56
Q

America Europe

A
  • less rigid stratified
  • higher literacy rates
  • greater opportunities for social mobility
  • more open
  • less hierarchical society
  • patriarchal patterns
57
Q

Jacques Cartier

A

French explorer established French fishing camps + trading posts along St. Lawrence River in 1530s

58
Q

Samuel de Champlain

A

Founded Québec in 1608

59
Q

voyageurs

A

French fur traders

60
Q

coureurs de bois

A

wood runners

61
Q

French trading in America (3)

A
  • Michigan
  • Wisconsin
  • Minnesota
62
Q

1654

A

Massachusetts militiamen drove the French from Cape Breton Island

63
Q

Seven Years ‘ War (1756-1763)

A

Between France and Great Britain

Colonists called the war ‘French and Indian War’

64
Q

Proclamation 1763

A
  • restricted colonists’ to expand westwards
  • Lands between Appalachian Mountains - Mississippi = Indian inhabitants
  • religious freedom for French Catholics
  • Parliament pay off heavy war debt by increasing colonial taxes.
65
Q

Bank of the United States

A

1791; founded by Treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton (immigrant British West Indies, served on Washington’s staff during the war).

66
Q

Federalists

A

US first political party. Supporters of Hamilton, creditors, Merchants, entrepreneurs & wealthy landowners

67
Q

Democratic-Republican Party

A

Followed Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson. suspicious of big government & big cities, idealized virtuous tillers of the soil, embraced natural-rights philosophy John Locke & more radical theorists. Attrackted small farmers, urban workers, states-rights advocates suspicious of Hamilton’s activist program.

68
Q

Alien en Sedition Acts

A

1798; Federalist judges and juries targeted suspect aliens but also Jeffersonian newspaper editors.

69
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A

1801-1809; 3rd President US - Democratic Republican

70
Q

Ghent treaty

A

December 1814 ending Mr. Madison’s War

71
Q

James Madison

A

1809-1817; 4th President US - Democratic Republican

72
Q

George Washington

A

1789-1797: 1st President US - unaffiliated

73
Q

John Adams

A

1797-1801: 2nd President US - Federalist

74
Q

James Monroe

A

1817-1825; 5th President US - Democratic Republican

75
Q

John Quincy Adams

A

1825-1829; 6th President US - Democratic Republican

76
Q

Andrew Jackson

A

1829-1837; 7th President US - democratic
Before becoming US President was self-made politition, planter, militia officer. Embodied individualistic, egalitarian spirit of the West. => broader demographic & political changes. (end of property requirements for voting = cotton planters, farmers, entrepreneurs, laborers, factory workers)
= high tariffs protecting domestic manufacturers (suspicious of (European) elites + interests)

77
Q

Martin van Buren

A

1837-1841; 8th President US - democratic

78
Q

William Henry Harrison

A

1841-1841; 9th President US - whig

Open-air inauguration in April, contracts pneumonia => dies a month later.

79
Q

John Tyler

A

1841-1845; 10th President US - whig -> unaffiliated

80
Q

Monroe doctrine

A

drafted by Adams; warning European powers against colonial ventures in Western Hemisphere => America’s growing confidence in world affairs.

81
Q

Adam’s ‘corrupt bargain’

A

2nd President Adams won elections by gaining contender Henry Clay’s support. Clay became secreatary of state and Adams proposed visionary program of national planning, including federal support for agriculture, commerce & transportation as well as national observatory and national university.

82
Q

Chief Justice John Marshall (1801-1835)

A

Supreme Court= federal over state law & judiciary’s power to determine the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress

83
Q

Battle of New Orleans

A

An engagement fought between January 8 and January 18, 1815, constituting the final major battle of the War of 1812 (US-England). American combatants, prevented an overwhelming British force from seizing New Orleans and the vast territory the United States had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase.
The Treaty of Ghent had been signed on December 24, 1814 (but was not ratified by the US Government until February 1815), and hostilities continued without the involved parties knowing about the Treaty.

84
Q

Democratic party

A

1832; founded by Andrew Jackson; “Kitchen Cabinet”

85
Q

BUS

A

(Second) Bank of Unites States; federally chartered, Philadelphia-based institution with branches in 8 states. (= money power).

86
Q

Bank War

A

Jackson vetoed congress + withdrew government money=> fatally weakened BUS.

87
Q

Lewis & Clark expedition

A

1804-1806; President Jefferson approved. explore new territory. Florida (from Spain, 1819), Washington (Great Britain, 1846)

88
Q

Battle of Alamo

A

1845; Texans voted for statehood after defeating Mexican forces at San Antonio’s Alamo mission

89
Q

United States (1850)

A

Continental power (ocean to ocean)

90
Q

transport

A
  • railroad
  • canal/waterways
  • coach
91
Q

US agriculture

A

South

  • cotton
  • Tobacco

North:

  • grain
  • livestock
92
Q

North economics

A

agriculture

manufacturing; textiles, shoes, clocks, guns, machinery, railroad cars, lots of other products

93
Q

anti-immigrant American Party

A

Founded in 1843, great support.

94
Q

social conflict

A
  • high factory wages
  • urban poverty
  • class divisions widened
  • immigrants faced hostility + violence
95
Q

battle in Indiana

A

1811; native peoples <=> US troops => Indians in reservations

96
Q

Tecumseh

A

shawnee leader of Indian confederacy

97
Q

Chief Black Hawk

A

Indian chief leading Sauk & other Indian tribes in 1832 to reclaim ancestral lands east of the Mississippi.

98
Q

Indian Removal Act

A

1830; expulsion of the Cherokee & other tribes from their ancestral lands.

99
Q

Trail of Tears

A

Route Indian families forcibly by U.S. troops took to present-day Oklahoma.

100
Q

Book of Mormon

A

Written by Joseph Smith, published 1830. Smith claimed to have discovered & translated with supernatural assistance. (New England Puritans’ sense of destiny). Work portrayed North America as site for special divine purposes.

101
Q

Shakers

A

1840s English sect which believed in Christ’s Second Appearing. It’s followers came to America in 1774.

  • unique worship practices
  • skilled craftsmanship
  • marketing of seeds & other useful products
102
Q

Woman’s Rights Convention

A

1848- Seneca Falls NY; Quaker Lucretia Mott; echo of Declaration of Independence “all men and women are reated equal” demanded full gender equality.

103
Q

Transcendentalists

A

Group of New England people influenced by German philosopher Kant + British poets & writers, sought to transcend mundane experience to the realm of pure perception.

104
Q

Civil Disobedience

A

1849; book by Henry Thoreau; defending passive resistance to unjust laws. Has inspired generationsof reformers and activists.

105
Q

Civil War

A

1861-1865; The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States (34 States). The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America. The Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U.S. history.

The war had its origin in the factious issue of slavery, especially the extension of slavery into the western territories.

106
Q

The Union

A

Nothern States in Civil War

107
Q

The Confederate States of America

A

11 Southern States in Civil War. (Confederacy)

108
Q

Indian Wars

A

The American Indian Wars, or Indian Wars, were the multiple armed conflicts between European governments and colonists, and later American settlers or the United States government, and the native peoples of North America. These conflicts occurred across the North American continent from the time of earliest colonial settlements until 1924. In many cases, wars resulted from competition for resources and land ownership as Europeans and later Americans encroached onto territory which had been inhabited by Native Americans for the previous centuries. There was population pressure as settlers expanded their territory, generally pushing indigenous people northward and westward. Warfare and raiding also took place as a result of wars between European powers; in North America, these enlisted their Native American allies to help them conduct warfare against each other’s settlements.

109
Q

Long Walk

A

1864; Navajos forced walk of 300 miles from Arizona to a reservation in New Mexico

110
Q

Abraham Lincoln

A

1861-1865; 16th President; preserved Union during Civil War.

111
Q

Ulysses S. Grant

A

1869-1877; 18th President, ‘peace policy’. Feeding Natives => beginning of civilizing & acculturating Native nations into the U.S.

American Culture (4 decks)

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