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POB 2 > P2M2 Quizes > Flashcards

P2M2 Quizes Flashcards

1
Q

If biological species are defined in terms of reproductive compatibility, what factor determines the formation of a new species?

A

reproductive isolation –> prevents gene flow between populations, allowing genetic divergence to occur leading to formation of distinct species

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2
Q

what is an example of mechanical isolation as a pre-zygotic barrier?

A

two snails have shells that spiral in different directions

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3
Q

three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have different courtship songs. If the cricket populations were to contact each other in the wild, the different courtship songs would most likely function as which type of reproductive isolating mechanism

A

behavioral –> prevent individuals from different species from mating with each other

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4
Q

what is macroevolution?

A

macroevolution is evolution above the species level

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5
Q

what concept distinguishes two species based on the degree of genetic exchange between their gene pools?

A

genetic species concept

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6
Q

Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms?

A

habitat isolation –> hen two species occupy different habitats within the same area and thus are less likely to encounter each other for mating

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7
Q

Plant species X has a diploid number of 12. Plant species Y has a diploid number of 16. A new species, Z, arises as an allopolyploid from X and Y. The diploid number for species Z would probably be

A

28

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8
Q

what is allopolyploidy?

A

Allopolyploidy involves the combination of chromosome sets from different species

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9
Q

In allopatric speciation new species are formed in populations that are biologically isolated from one another

True
False
A

False

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10
Q

A hybrid zone is a region in which members of different species meet and mate, producing at least some offspring of mixed ancestry

True
False

A

True

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11
Q

what biomolecules makes up protocells?

A

lipids

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12
Q

which molecule was most likely the first genetic material on earth?

A

self-replicating RNA-molecules with catalytic activity

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13
Q

Studies of conditions on early Earth indicated

A

Water vapor in the atmosphere condensed to form oceans

Life emerged on Earth approximately 4 billion years ago

Oxygenation facilitated the evolution of multicellularity

Aquatic organisms predated Terrestrial organisms

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14
Q

the fossil record and phylogenetic analyses indicate that whales:

A

Share a common ancestor with sheep

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15
Q

What is true regarding the nodes of a phylogenetic tree?

A

They are points on a tree where branches meet.

They represent an immediate, common ancestor of sister taxa.

They can be part of both rooted and unrooted trees.

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16
Q

What types of characteristic changes will result in branching?

A

A change in DNA sequence or physical characteristic

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17
Q

what is an outgroup?

A

an outgroup is a taxon (group of organisms) that is closely related to the taxa being studied but is not part of the group of interest

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18
Q

To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree,

A

choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, in either DNA sequences or morphology

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19
Q

What is not an adaptation that contributed to the successful colonization of land by plants?

A

photosynthesis–> recieving energy from the sun is not an adaptation

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20
Q

What are some adaptations that contributed to the successful colonization of land by plants?

A

waxy cuticle
cellular specialization to form a root and shoot
formation of gametes that did not require water for dispersal

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21
Q

What is a plant at haploid stage?

A

Gametophyte

22
Q

What is the accepted order of evolution of the land plant groups, from earliest to most recent?

A

Nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, then seed plants

23
Q

Which phylum of plant has no vasculature and spends most of its life cycle in the gametophyte stage?

A

byrophyta

24
Q

What is not a general characteristic of plants

A

that they’re prokaryotic

25
Q

The alternation of generations involves a transition between the ___ generation which is___ and the ___ generation which is ___.

A

gametophyte; haploid / sporophyte; diploid

26
Q

What are feature associated with animals?

A

they are: multicellular, consume organic matter fore energy, motile, sexually reproduce

27
Q

What phyla includes organisms that are stationary, filter feeders such as sponges

A

porifera

28
Q

Which phyla includes crustaceans, insects, and arachnids?

A

arthropod

29
Q

Which phyla includes organisms that have radial symmetry and tissue layers like jellies?

A

cnidaria

30
Q

Ecology is the study of:

A

the interaction of organisms with their environment including both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors. the relationships between organisms and their surroundings, as well as the dynamics of ecosystems.

31
Q

What is an abiotic features of an ecosystem

A

Abiotic factors are non-living components of an ecosystem.
temperatre, soil, sunlight, water, atmos. gas, topography, ph leels, salinity, geology, natural disturbances

32
Q

What is a biotic feature of an ecosystem

A

Biotic features refer to the living components of an ecosystem. These are the organisms that interact with each other and with the abiotic environment.
plants, animals, microorgansims, biodiversity, trophic relationships, decomposition, nutrient cycling, succesion, adaptations of organisms

33
Q

what is an ecosystem?

A

an ecosystem refers to a community of organisms interacting with each other and their physical environment, regardless of whether it is terrestrial or aquatic

34
Q

what is true about nutrient and energy transfer in ecosystems?

A

Energy transfer in ecosystems follows the second law of thermodynamics, which states that energy is lost as heat with each transfer. Nutrients may be recycled, but energy flow through trophic levels is unidirectional, with some energy lost as heat at each level.

35
Q

what are trophic levels? (simple)

A

Trophic levels refer to the hierarchical levels in an ecosystem through which energy flows and is transferred as organisms consume each other.

36
Q

what is a secondary consumer?

A

A secondary consumer is an organism that feeds on primary consumers.

37
Q

what are true statements about the water cycle.

A

Animals are part of the water cycle
Solar energy drives evaporation of liquid to water vapor
In very cold environments water molecules can go straight from solid to gas form
Cold air holds less moisture than warm air because warm air has a higher capacity to hold water vapor.

38
Q

what are essential elements of life that are recycled in biogeochemical cycles?

A

Water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus are essential elements for life, and they are cycled through biogeochemical processes involving living organisms, the atmosphere, soil, and water bodies.

39
Q

describe the carbon cycle?

A

The exchange of carbon between the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms through various processes. It encompasses various processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and combustion.

40
Q

At what latitudes can you find the highest biodiversity?

A

The highest biodiversity is typically found near the Equator,
especially in tropical rainforests and coral reef ecosystems, due to stable temperatures, high precipitation, and complex habitats.

41
Q

What are hypothesis for why certain parts of the world have higher biodiversity than others?

A

Areas with consistently warm temperatures and high precipitation tend to support diverse ecosystems due to abundant resources and stable conditions.

Regions with periodic environmental disturbance and unpredictability are more likely to support diverse organisms because of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis.

Greater availability of energy resources in the form of solar radiation and primary productivity supports higher abundance and more diverse species.

42
Q

What is Alpha diversity and how do you calculate Alpha Diversity?

A

To calculate alpha diversity, you count the number of species within a single habitat.

43
Q

What is Beta Diversity and how do you calculate it?

A
44
Q

What is Gamma Diversity and how do you calculate it?

A
45
Q

If a site has high species richness and low evenness, this means:

A

The site is dominated by a few species, with many other species present in smaller numbers.

46
Q

How does the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis explain patterns of species diversity in ecosystems?

A

The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis suggests that moderate
levels of disturbance allow for high diversity by preventing any one species from dominating and by creating opportunities for different species to thrive. Too much disturbance prevents species from successfully establishing.

47
Q

describe statements best illustrates the process of primary succession in an ecosystem?

A

Primary succession describes the colonization and ecosystem
development in previously uninhabited and barren areas, starting with pioneer species like mosses and lichens.

48
Q

Understanding the realized niche of a species involves measuring:

A

both biotic and abiotic factors in the areas where the species is found to determine the range of conditions and resources the species actually uses.

49
Q

What happens to the fundamental (potential) niche of a shade-dependent forest species after a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy?

A

The tree fall and resulting gap increase sunlight exposure, which
reduces the available habitat in which the species could exist (the potential or fundamental niche). This is true regardless if the species used that specific shaded location prior to the tree fall (realized niche

50
Q

How could you test the hypothesis that the two species have non-overlapping distributions because of their niche space?

A

By measuring the seed sizes and precipitation amounts everywhere each species is found as well as where they are not found.

POB 2 (1 decks)

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