P2 vocab Flashcards
Aim
identifies the purpose of the investigation. It is a straightforward expression of what the researcher is trying to find out from conducting an investigation.
Laboratory Experiment
Laboratory experiments are a research method by which researchers create controllable environments to test hypotheses. Laboratories used for academic research are rooms or specifically designed spaces within buildings typically located on college and university campuses.
IV
is a variable that is manipulated by a researcher to investigate whether it consequently brings a change in another variable.
- experimental or control condition
DV
the outcome that is observed to occur or change after the occurrence or variation of the independent variable in an experiment, or the effect that one wants to predict or explain in correlational research.
Strengths and Weaknesses of Lab. Exp.
S: - high levels of standardization and so can be replicated to test for reliability
- High levels of control, so researchers can be confident it is the IV directly affecting the DV.
-high internal validity
-high reliability
W: - artificial setting = lack of ecological validity
- tasks that are nothing like real life= lack of mundane realism
-probability of demand characteristics
Field exp
a study that is conducted outside the laboratory in a “real-world” setting. Participants are exposed to one of two or more levels of an independent variable and observed for their reactions; they are likely to be unaware of the research.
Natural exp.
natural experiment, observational study in which an event or a situation that allows for the random or seemingly random assignment of study subjects to different groups is exploited to answer a particular question.
Natural exp.
natural experiment, observational study in which an event or a situation that allows for the random or seemingly random assignment of study subjects to different groups is exploited to answer a particular question.
Natural exp.
natural experiment, observational study in which an event or a situation that allows for the random or seemingly random assignment of study subjects to different groups is exploited to answer a particular question.
Strengths and Weaknesses of Nat. Exp.
S: -exploiting natural IV = high ecological validity
-high probability of natural behavior (no demand characteristics)
-high external validity
W: -lack of controls= difficulty knowing if the IV has caused a direct effect on the DV = difficulty establishing cause-effect relationship
-Low reliability–Replicating exp. to test for reliability
-Low internal validity
Ethics: -informes consent
Strengths and Weaknesses of Field. Exp.
S: -has ecological validity
-little or no demand characteristics (natural behavior)
-Stronger external validity
W: -Situational variables difficult to control = difficult knowing if IV is affecting DV
- could be uncontrolled variables causing change to DV
-ETHICS: Deception and informed consent
-lower internal validity
Medium levels of reliability
Self-reports
n. a statement or series of answers to questions that an individual provides about his or her state, feelings, thoughts, beliefs, past behaviors, and so forth.
Questionnaire
a questionnaire or series of statements on which participants check characteristics or traits that they perceive to apply to themselves.
-likert scales
-rating scales
-open-ended
-Closed questions
Streng. and Weak. of Questionnaire
S: -more truthful answers
-large sample capability = increase in representatives and generalizability
W: -Rather than truthful answers, given socially desirable answers = lowers validity
- too many closed questions = p’s might feel forced to answer against their true opinion
Interviews
n. a directed conversation in which a researcher, therapist, clinician, employer, or the like (the interviewer) intends to elicit specific information from an individual (the interviewee) for purposes of research, diagnosis, treatment, or employment.
-Structured
-Unstructured
-Semi-structured
