Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO > P2 Module 4: Disease+Evolution > Flashcards

P2 Module 4: Disease+Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogen

A

Microorganism that causes diesease. There are 4 types: bacteria, virus, fungi, protocist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Communicable disease

A

Disease caused by a pathogen thats transmitted from one host to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bacteria special features (3)

A

-Not membrane bound
-Prokaryotes
-Cell wall made up of peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bacteria Diseases (3)

A

-TB: Animals
-Bacterial menginigtis: Humans
-Ring rot: potatoes + tomatos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 ways bacteria damage host

A

-Produce toxins which are poisionous and damage host cells (hc)
-Break down cell mem
-Interfere w hc genetic material therefore cells cant divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Treatment for bacterial disease

A

Antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Virus features (2)

A

-No nucleus
-Non living: have to use host to reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Virus disease (3)

A

-HIV/AIDS: humans
-Influenza: animals
-TMV: plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do viruses damage host?

A

-Take over cell metabolism
-Viral genetic material gets into hc and is inserted into host DNA.
-When we carry out protein synthesis we make copies of the virus
-Cell burst destroying the cell and spreading to infect other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fungi features (3)

A

-Eukaryotic
-Cell wall made up of chitin
-Extracellular digestion + release spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fungi disease (3)

A

-Black sigatoka: bananas
-Ringworm: cattle
-Athletes foot: humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do fungi disease damage host?

A

-Digest living cells and destroy them
-Produce toxins which affect host cells and causes disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Protocist features

A

-Group of eukaryotic organisms (mem bound)
-Parasitic (use people/animals as their host)
-May need vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

2 protcist disease

A

-Malaria
-Potato/ tomato late blight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do protocist damage host?

A

-Digest and use cells contents to reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Direct transmission

A

Disease is transmitted directly from one org to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Examples of direct transmission (3)

A

Droplet
Sex
Touching infected organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Indirect transmission

A

Disease transmitted from one organism to another via an intermediate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Examples of intermediate (4)

A

Air
Water
Food
Vectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Animal defences (6)

A

-Skin
-Mucous membrane
-Blood clotting
-Inflammation
-Wound repair
-Expulsive reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

2 ways the skin act as a barrier to disease?

A

-Physical barrier
-Blocks pathogens entering body

-Chemical barrier
-Produces antimicrobial chemicals which clow the growth of microorganisms

22
Q

How do mucous membranes act as a barrier to disease? (2)

A

-Protect body openings exposed to environment eg nose and ears

-Secrete mucus that traps pathogens and contains antimicrobial enzymes

23
Q

How do blood clotting act as a barrier to disease? (2)

A

-Blood clot= mesh of protein fibres
-They plug wounds to prevent pathigens entering

24
Q

How do inflammation act as a barrier to disease? (hotness and swelling)

A

-Swelling, pain, heat and redness
-Swelling: helps isolate any pathogens that entered
-Hot: vasodilation (widening blood vessels), making area hot, brings WBC to area to fight off pathogens

25
How do expulsive reflexes act as a barrier to disease? (3)
-Coughing + sneezing -Theyre attempts to expel foreign objects eg pathogens -Automatic
26
What are the two types of plant defences?
-Chemical -Physical
27
Physical Plant Defences (3)
-Waxy cuticle=physical barrier to path -Surrounded by cell walls= phy barrier against path that make it past waxy cuticle -Produce callose, which gets deposited between cell walls it makes it harder for path to enter
28
Chemical Plant Defences
-produce antimicrobial chemicals which kill/ inhibit growth of pathogen
29
Immune response (3)
-When path gets past primary defences and enters body immune response happens -Its the bodys reaction to a foreign antigen -Involves non specific and specific stages
30
Diff between non specific and specific
Non= same way for all microorganisms Specific= antigen specific, involves T and B lymphocytes
31
Non specific immune response/ phagocyotsis (5)
-Cells at wounds release cytokins (chemicals which attract neutrophils to the area -Phagocyte recognises path as foreign due to another chemical called opsonins -Opsonins attach to antigens -Phagocyte engulf path -Path is contained in a phagosome -Lysosome fuses w phagosome -Phagocyte presents path antigens on surface = APC (antigen presenting cell) -Triggering specific immune response
32
Specific immune response pt 1 (T lympocytes) (5)
-Diff T lymp w diff receptors -Receptors have comp shape to possible antigen that could enter body -If antigen enters specific T lym bind to them = clonal SELECTION -Then clonal EXPANSION happens when T lym w receptor thats comp divides by mitosis to produce clones of itself -Differentiation occurs: *T killer *T memory *T regulatory *T helper
33
Differentiation of T lym and their roles (4)
-T killer, kills body cells w virus -T memory, if infection w same path occurs they go through clonal expansion and differentiate quickly -T regulatory, suppress immune system -T helper, release chemicals called interleukines which stimulate activation of B lym (this is an example of cell signalling)
34
Specific immune response pt 2 (B lym) (4)
-Interleukins that T helper released will bind to receptor on surface mem of B lym -Activating correct B lym -B lym go thru clonal selection and have antibodies on their surface so one B lym will have comp antibody to antigen -Go through clonal expansion and differentiation: *B plasma *B effector *B memory
35
Differentiation of B lym and their roles (3)
-B plasma cells: produce antibodies -B effector: divide to form plasma cell clones -B memory: if antigen enters body again cells go through clonal expansion and diff quickly to produce plasma cells
36
Antibodies structure (4)
-Glycoproteins (proteins w carbohydrate group attached) -Made up of 4 polypeptide chains (2 heavy and 2 light chains) -Each chain has variable and constant region -Has hinge region which allows flexibility
37
Roles of antibodies (3)
-Agglutination -Neutralising toxins -Preventing path binding to human cells
38
Antibody: Agglutination (4)
-Each antibody has 2 binding sites so antibody can bind to two path at same time -Path clump together -Phagocyte binds to antibodies and lots of path engulfed at once
39
Antibody: Neutralising toxins (3)
-Toxins have diff shapes -Antibodies called antitoxins can bind to toxins produced by path -Which deactivates them and neutralises them
40
Antibody: preventing path binding to human cells (2)
-Antibody binds to antigens and block cell surface receptors that path need to bind to host cells -Therefore path cant attach or infect host cells
41
Active Immunity + its 2 types
When immune system makes its own antibodies, theres 2 types: -Natural eg if u have chickenpox as a kid u wont get it -Artificial eg vaccination
42
Passive Immunity + its 2 types
When you get given antibodies made by a different organism -Natural eg baby milk/ placenta -Artifical eg blood donations
43
Autoimmune disease
Immune system doesnt recognise self antigens and treat them as foreign antigens and launches an immune response against self tissues
44
Herd Immunity
If most people are vacccinated disease becomes rare so people who havent been vaccinated are unlikely to catch it
45
Antibiotics
Chemicals that kill/ inhibit growth of bacteria -Used to kill bacterial infections
46
Personalised medicine
-Medicine tailored to individuals DNA, if Drs have ur genetic info they can predict how u will respond to diff drugs
47
Synthetic biology
Uses technology to design and make artificial proteins, cells and microorganisms
48
Agammaglobulinemia results in a lack of mature B lymphocytes in a person’s blood. Suggest and explain one symptom of agammaglobulinemia.
Get infections easily as fewer Ab to cause pathogen destruction + fewer B lymp to provide immunity
49
Natural Selection
-Individuals within pop show variation in their phenotypes (characteristics) eg by a mutation -Selection pressures make it difficult to survive eg predation, disease and competition -Indiv who possess advantageous allele are more likely to survive and have reproductive success (reproduce and pass advantageous allele onto offspring) -Overtime proportion of pop w advantageous allele increases -Over generations this leads to evolution as advantageous allele becomes more common
50
Suggest how the immune system causes damage to the nervous system
-Antigens on neurones -You produce antibodies against neurones -Phagocytes attack+breakdown own neurones
51
Using examples, explain how both genes and environment can cause animals to vary in their specific immune responses. (6)
Genes  inherit genes that code for immune cells / antibodies (from parents) examples: (B/T) lymphocytes, macrophages, etc  different alleles code for different versions of immune cells/antibodies  ref. to gene segments recombining  alleles code for many different variable regions  reference to MHC alleles  mutation produces new alleles (for antigens / immune cells ) Environment  exposure to different pathogens determines immune response  vaccinations produce primary immune responses examples:MMR, BCG,HPV, (produce) memory cells etc.  reference to environmental influence on allergies examples: pollen, hayfever, asthma, etc.  poor diet can weaken immune system examples: low levels of protein / vitamins, (reducing) antibodies  reference to epigenetic changes examples: as a result of diet, stress, chemical exposure  (auto)immune diseases with an environmental component / trigger example: AIDS
52
Explain why a booster vaccination is needed.
Memory cells reduced in number

BIO (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions