P2 Lecture 5: STS Flashcards
What are Korsakoff patients?
- Have good memory for old events (they live in the past), but not new ones (present time). They have trouble forming new memories, but some type of memories can (ex. Pricking a Korsakoff patients had after shaking hands with them, they won’t remember the event or that you did it, but next time they won’t shake hands with you because they think people prick their hands)
- Jimmie was able to remember many details of his early life. It seemed that until a certian point, his long term memory was intact. When Jimmie was telling his life story, Sacks realized that he began to talk about his post World War 2 years as if it was the present. When asked how old he is he believed he was a young man, he was shocked by his appearance when Sacks asked him to look in a mirror. He believed there was some sort of practical joke being played on him. Even more interesting, when Sacks left the room and returned a few minutes later Jimmy had no memory of ever meeting the doctor
- Jimmie has no ability to store short term memory and no ability to turn those memories into long term memories. He suffers from both anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia.
What is the Atkinson & Shriffin Multi-store model?
- Sensory Memory (Registers)
- Short-Term Store (STS)
- Long-Term Store
How do you differentiate between the stores in the multi-store model?
- Encoding
- Duration
- Capacity
- Type of Code(s)
How do you encode into short-term store (STS)?
1) Selective Attention
- - must select info from sensory memory because it is very large and constantly changing and updating
- - STS is very small so not everything from sensory memory can get in
- - selection could be visual attention, Broadbands model (filter model), attenuation model, etc
2) Retrieve from Long Term Store
- - we also have to retrieve from LTS (lexicon) because we can’t articulate from LTS we have to bring it to STS
What is the duration of STS (Brown-Peterson Task)?
1) Phase 1
- - show CCC, and after a certain delay, ask participants to recall the items
- - people were 100% correct
2) Phase 2
- - people rehearse items to keep the info in STS so in this phase, during the delay period, they had the people do an intervening task
- - the intervening task was counting backwards by 3s which prevents the participants from rehearsing
- - this can more accurately tell you how long information lasts in STS if you don’t rehearse it
- - results: accuracy went down over time which shows that information does not last forever in STS it decays over time therefore info in STS fades away in about 15 seconds
What code is used in sensory memory?
- basic features (intrusion errors are other basic features, shapes)
- not semantic
- not linguistic
What code is used in long-term store?
- if you want someone to remember a list of words and they get it into long-term memory, they can recall some of those items but not all
- the intrusion error (recalling the wrong word), is usually not random but semantically related to something on that list (saying ship instead of boat)
What code is used in STS (Wickelgren, Conrad)?
- intrusion errors are usually acoustic!
1) Wickelgren
- intrusion errors are usually acoustic!
- asking participants to recall as many list of letters as possible, they will recall as much as possible but then will start to guess
- the intrusion errors are usually acoustically related items (D instead of T or instead of saying boat, they say goat or moat)
2) Conrad
- the intrusion errors are usually acoustically related items (D instead of T or instead of saying boat, they say goat or moat)
- because Wickelgren study only used auditory presentation, it orients the participants to use auditory cues, so they get acoustic intrusions
- this study used both auditory and visual, intrusion errors were still acoustically related (found same type of errors: “B” for “V”; do not substitute “U” for “V” even though is visually more similar)
3) Atkinson/Shriffin
- this study used both auditory and visual, intrusion errors were still acoustically related (found same type of errors: “B” for “V”; do not substitute “U” for “V” even though is visually more similar)
- Acoustic Verbal Linguistic (language) code (AVL) is how info is codes in STS
What is the capacity of STS?
– SM very large
– LTS very large
– STS is limited to about 7 +/- 2
(immediate memory span)
What was the Miller study on STS capacity?
– 01100110111101010111 (recall 7 +/- 2)
– Had people memorize and recall a binary code (0/1); Miller trained participants to chunk things which can change how much they remember
000 = 0
001 = 1
010 = 2
– so instead of having to remember 21 individual “011001..” they only have to chunk them into different numbers and remember 7 items (remember 3, 1, 5, 7, 2, 5)
– it’s a reduction technique
What was the DeGroot chess study?
- compared master chess players to novice ones
- he showed them two types of chess boards –one that had randomly placed pieces and the other that had the pieces placed as if it were a real game (not necessarily the start of the game but something that might happen in a real game)
- the novice/master chess players saw these boards for 5s, then a delay that varied, and then they were asked to put the items back on the board the way they saw them
- it is commonly thought that master chess players have special, above-average STS but the random condition showed that their STS is the same as any other person (equal between novice and master)
- in the real game condition, the masters did way better
- – this happens because real games are made of patterns, and these master chess players can take all these pieces and group them into these patterns/clusters (they reduce them)
What is reduction encoding and elaboration encoding?
- Reduction encoding: chunking
- Elaboration encoding: elaborate the information into some other type of code (coding the 01001… into visual codes as well as auditory)
What is the Serial Position Curve (primacy/recency)?
Serial Position Curve 1
– General list of words
– People do well on the first few items, then there’s a dip towards the middle, and then people do well on the last items
– recency items more likely to remember because either you still have them rehearsed or they haven’t faded away yet (in STS)
– primacy items are more likely to remember because the first few items have gotten a lot of rehearsal cycles (in LTS)
– the items in the middle do not benefit from either (they don’t benefit from being in STS or LTS)
Serial Position Curve 2
– List of words but with last word, there is some distracting event (book, store, barrel, pearl “uh oh I’ve made a mistake)
– primacy effect but no recency effect
– we get a recency effect because those items are still being rehearsed and haven’t faded away so they are still in STS but if there is a long enough distraction at the end of the list, then it stops you from rehearsing or thinking about those items and they should fade away within 15 seconds
SUMMARY:
- Primacy = LTS
- Recency = STS
