P2- Everday Consumer Products Flashcards
Alcohol
Alkane where one of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an -OH group (hydroxyl group which is the functional group)
Replace e with ol
Same structure as alkanes
Functional group
Part of hydrocarbon molecule that gives its characteristic reactivity
First 8 alcohols
Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol
Molecular: CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH, C4H9OH, C5H11OH, C6H13OH, C7H15OH, C8H17OH
Shortened: CH30H, CH3CH2OH, CH3CH2CH2OH, CH3CH2C2CH2HOH, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH, CH3CH2CH2CH2C2CH2CH2CH2OH
Same structure as alkanes
Homologous series
A family of compounds with the same general formula, similar chemical properties and gradually changing physical properties
Alcohol general formula
CnH2n+1OH
Uses of alcohols
Alcoholic drinks (ethanol)
Solvents
Fuels because highly flammable
Miscibility
How well a substance can dissolve
Miscibility of alcohols
First 3 are miscible with water
Larger the molecule, lower the miscbility
Alcohol isomers
Position of hydroxyl group changes
Naming alcohols
Alkane prefix- position of functional group- ol
Count from side closest to functional group along longest chain alcohol
Carboxylic acid
Alkane where end hydrogen atom replaced with a -COOH group - carboxyl group which is the functional group of carboxylic acids
Undergo neutralisation reactions with bases
First 8 carboxylic acids
Methanoic, ethanoic, propanoic, butanoic, pentanoic, hexanoic, heptanoic, octanoic
Molecular: HCOOH, CH3COOH, C2H5COOH, C3H7COOH, C4H9COOH, C5H11COOH, C6H13COOH, C7H15COOH
Short: HCOOH, CH3COOH, CH3CH2COOH, CH3CH2CH2OOH, CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH
Carboxylic acid general formula
CnH2n+1COOH
Carboxylic acid + metal
Salt + hydrogen
Eg
Ethanoic acid + magnesium — magnesium ethanoate + hydrogen
Carboxylic acid + metal oxide
Salt + water
Eg
Methanoic acid + sodium oxide — sodium methanoate + water
Carboxylic acid + metal hydroxide
Salt + water
Eg
Propanoic acid + potassium hydroxide — potassium propanoate + water
Carboxylic acid + metal carbonate
Salt + water + carbon dioxide
Eg
Ethanoic acid + lithium carbonate — lithium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide
Carboxylic acid physical properties
Boiling and melting point increase because as the number of carbon atoms and the size of the molecule increases, the intermolecular forces also increase so more heat energy is required to separate the molecules
pH below 7
Weak acids because partially ionised in solution
First 4 soluble in water then solubility decreases
Carboxylic acid properties
Dissolve in water to produce acidic solutions
