p2 case studies Flashcards
Social
Challenges in rio
water supply:
- 12% of the population didn’t have access to running water
- 37% of water is lost to leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access
Healthcare:
- only 55% of people had access to local family health clinics in 2013
- significant inequality in life expectancy
Education:
- 25% of the poorest children didn’t go to school
- only 50% of children attend school past 14
Energy supply:
- energy insecurity and a deficit leads to frequent blackouts
- lots of illegal use which is unsafe
Crime:
- powerful gangs control drug trafficking and take in young people
economic and environmental
Challenges in rio
Unemployment:
- After the reccession in 2015, unemployment rose to 20% in favelas. This led people to work in the informal sector, limiting tax revenue and thus investment into education
Traffic congestion:
- the number of cars has grown by 40% in 10 years
- steep mountains mean roads can only be built on coastal lowlands
- high crime means that cars are safer
Water pollution:
- commercial fishing has declined 90% in 20 years
- threatens to damage the tourism industry
- pollution due to oil spills from petrobas, raw sewage from open sewers in favelas and industrial waste
Waste pollution:
- waste is dumped into rivers which causes pollution and diseases e.g. cholera.
- steep slopes make access difficult for waste collection lorries
Social
Opportunities in Rio
water supply:
- the city has the largest water treatment works in the world
- between 1998 and 2014, 7 new water treatment plants were built. Now, 95% of the population has access to mains water
Healthcare:
- six new hospitals improved access in rural areas
- in santa marta, medical staff went into homes with medical kits, treating people on the spot
Education:
- 90% of children ages 10 can read and write.
- enrolment improved by giving grants to poor families and encouraging local people to volunteer
Energy supply:
- 60 km of new powerlines were installed
- a new nuclear generator was built
- a new $2 billion HEP plant built
Economic and Environmental
Opportunities in Rio
Unemployment:
- free childcare and government grants are provided to families with young children
Traffic congestion:
- expansion of the metro system
- new toll roads into the city centre
- making coastal roads one-way at certain times of the day
Water pollution:
- 12 new sewage works since 2014
- 5km of new sewage pipes installed
- ships are fined for discharging fuel
Waste pollution:
- power plants set up to use rubbish as biogas for electricity
Challenges of living in a favela
construction:
- houses are poorly contsructed and so are unsafe
- built on steep slopes so are prone to landslides
- there is limited road access
Services:
- many homes use illegal connections to pylons
-sewers are often open drains
Unemployment:
- many people work in the informal sector
- unemployment rates of 20%
- average income of less than £75 per month
Crime:
- murder rate of 20 per 1000 people
- drug gangs dominate
- the police aren’t trusted
Health:
- infant mortality of 50 per 1000
- burning rubbish sets fire to wooden houses.
Urban planning scheme: The favela bairro project
Improvements
- roads were paved and formally named; this allowed residents to have a formal address, and open bank accounts
- sanitation was improved, with access to a clean water supply andn drainage systems; less people died from treatable, water borne diseases
- hillsides were secured to prevent lanslides, or people were relocated; created a sense of community and safety
- a new cable car was built
Urban planning scheme: The favela bairro project
Successes and failures
Successes:
- the quality of life, mobility and employment prospects were greatly improved
- the model was recognised by the UN and has been used in other brazillian cities
Failures:
- the budget of $1 billion will not cover every favela
- the infrastructure isn’t being properly maintained as residents lack skills
- more training is needed to improve literacy and employment prosepcts
Social
opportunities created by urban change in london
Cultural mix:
- less than 50% of London’s population is of white british origin
- festivals such as chinese new year and notting hill carnival take place every year
- there is an array of different cuisines available to people
Entertainment and recreation:
- the west end attracts 15 million people every year
- weekly football games take place in the emirates stadium and stamford bridge
- there are a variety of green spaces available e.g. Hyde Park
Economic + environmental
opportunities created by urban change in london
Employment:
- there is a major finance and banking sector in the city including the bank of england
- accountancy and law firms are also prevalent
- construction projects including battersea power station and 20 new housing zones provide employment opportunities
Integrated transport system:
- 75 million passengers use public transport per week
- transport has improved by increasing bus lanes and the introduction of boris bikes; 73,00 are used per day
- congestion charge has reduced car volume by 30%
Dockland to financial industries:
- after london deindustrialised, the doclands development corporation was set up in 1981 to regenerate the docks and attract investment to create new employment opportunities
- for example this created canary wharf which employs 100,000 people
Urban greening:
- 47% of london is green space
- central london parks include hyde park, regents park and green park
- reduces the risk of flooding by increasing infiltration rates
- small-scale rooftop green spaces
Social + economic
challenges created by urban change in london
Urban derivation:
- 2 million people live in poverty in london
- serious inequality in the city
Access to services:
- there are disparities in areas’ access to sevices including healthcare, education and housing
- a lack of affordable housing is fuelling counter-urbanisation in london
Cost of living:
- the cost of living is extremely high and unaffordable to many residents leading them to move away from the city, fuelling the creation of commuter settlements
Housing:
- London’s population is growing by 100,000 per year. However, only 20,000 homes are built per year
- the greenbelt has been proposed as potential land for development
- commuter settlements have developed in recent years due to the development of crossrail and other transport improvements; however, they increase congestion, increase house prices and devastate local services.
Environmental
Challenges created by urban change in london
Dereliction:
- due to deindustrialisation, london contains many brownfield sites. Building on them would reduce the need for urban sprawl, however its too expensive
Urban sprawl:
- housing could also be built on greenfield sites along the rural-urban fringe, however, this increases traffic congestion; reduces farmland; destroys natural habitats; requires more environmentally damaging infastructure
waste disposal:
- 25% of waste in london still goes to landfill
- the target is for zero waste to go to landfill by 2030
Atmospheric pollution:
- traffic congestion and the dense road network releases dangerous levels of nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide
- there are over 4,000 premature deaths each year due to air pollution
- can be solved by new cycle highways
An example of an urban regeneration project: the olympic park in stratford
Features of this regeneration project:
- the queem elizabeth olympic park was created to provide sporting facilities for residents
- westfiel shopping centre; provides 10,000 jobs
- a new school is east village; built for 1800 students
- the athletes village became east village; 1379 homes are designated as affordable housing
- The west ham stadium
A local renewable energy scheme in LIC/NEE: Chambamontera
the scehme uses the geology of the are with high rainfall, steep slopes and fast flowing water to turn a turbine in a powerhouse that generated the electricity.
Impacts of the scheme were:
- a reduction in rural-urban migration and growth in the population
- regulating the flow of water has reduced the risk of studying
- less deforestation and soil erosion as wood is no longer burned for heat
- healthcare has improved as medicines can now be refrigerated
- business development possible as piped water can drive small machines for coffee dehusking and processing
Example of a TNC in an LIC/NEE:
shell in Nigeria - benefits of shell
benefits of shell:
- contributions in tax and export revenue e.g. £20 billion in corporation tax in 2013
- direct employment for 65,000 and indirect employment for 250,000
- 91% of contracts are given to nigerian companies
- supports the growth of Nigeria’s energy sector
Example of a TNC in an LIC/NEE:
shell in Nigeria - disadvantages of shell
- oil spills have caused water pollution and soil degradation, reducing agricultural production and fishing yields
- oil flares release toxic fumes which are a health hazard and contribute to global warming
- oil pollution has damaged the marine ecosystem
How tourism has reduced the development gap in Kenya - benefits of tourism in Kenya
- tourism contributes 12% of Kenya’s GDP
- Nearly 600,000 people (10% of all employment) are directly or indirectly employed by the tourism industry
- the 24 national parks charge entry fees, which are used to maintain the environment
- since 2000, Kenya’s score on the HDI has increased from 0.45 to 0.55
How tourism has reduced the development gap in Kenya - negatives of tourism in Kenya
- the majority of income goes to TNCs located in HICs
- some Massai tribes people were forced off their land to create national parks for tourists
- tourist vehicles damage the environment, destroying vegetation and disturbing animals
- the coral reefs along the coast are slowly being destroyed by tourism
