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Physics > P2 > Flashcards

P2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you measure distance?

A

Using a ruler or a measuring tape

You can also use ultrasound to measure distance

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2
Q

How does ultrasound work?

A

A device measures the time for a pulse to travel there and back. It uses this value and the speed of the pulse to work out the distance

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3
Q

How do you calculate for speed for uniform motion?

A

distance travelled (m) = speed (m/s) x time (s)

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4
Q

How do you calculate for average speed of non-uniform motion?

A

average speed (m/s) = total distance (m) / total time (s)

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5
Q

How do you convert between units?

A

By converting each unit separately and using the formula
speed = distance / time
to calculate rates

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6
Q

What is a vector?

A

A quantity that has a magnitude (size) and a direction

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7
Q

What is a scalar?

A

A quantity that has magnitude but no direction

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8
Q

What is displacement?

A

Displacement is a vector as it is the distance from a certain location

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9
Q

What is distance?

A

Distance is a scalar

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10
Q

What is velocity?

A

Velocity is a vector as it is the speed with a direction

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11
Q

What is speed?

A

Speed is a scalar quantity

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12
Q

What is uniform acceleration?

A

Acceleration is the change in velocity per second. Uniform acceleration is the acceleration that doesn’t change

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13
Q

How do you calculate acceleration?

A

acceleration (m/s^2) = final velocity (m/s) - initial velocity (m/s) / time (s)

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14
Q

What does a horizontal line on a distance-time graph mean?

A

The object is not moving

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15
Q

What does a straight line on a distance-time graph mean?

A

It means the objects speed is constant because the gradient does not change

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16
Q

What does a curved line on a distance-time graph mean?

A

A change in speed

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17
Q

The steeper the line on a distance-time graph …

A

the faster the object is travelling

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18
Q

How can you calculate acceleration from a velocity time graph?

A

Acceleration is the gradient of a velocity time graph

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19
Q

What does a horizontal line on a velocity-time graph mean?

A

It means that the object is moving at a constant velocity

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20
Q

How can you calculate the distance from a velocity-time graph?

A

By calculating the area under the graph

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21
Q

What is an equation for motion?

A

final velocity^2 - initial velocity^2 = 2 x acceleration x distance
v^2 - u^2 = 2as

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22
Q

How do you calculate kinetic energy?

A

Kinetic energy (J) = 0.5 x mass (kg) x speed (m/s)^2

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23
Q

What are non-contact forces? + give some examples

A

Non-contact forces are forces that interact without being in contact with each other, like electrostatics, magnetism and gravity

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24
Q

How do forces arise?

A

They arise through interactions between pairs of objects which produce a force on each object

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25
Q

What are contact forces? + give some examples

A

Contact forces are forces that interact with contact, like friction and normal contact force

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26
Q

How do forces interact in electrostatics?

A

Electric charges repel and attract

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27
Q

How do forces interact in magnets?

A

Magnets repel and attract

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28
Q

How do forces interact for gravity?

A

Gravity only attracts

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29
Q

How does friction work?

A

The atoms that make up the surfaces interact when rough surfaces slide over each other

30
Q

How does normal contact force work?

A

Solid objects deform slightly when you exert a force on them. The bonds between particles are compressed.

31
Q

How do you represent forces for contact and non-contact forces?

A

You represent forces using a force arrow
For non-contact: you draw from centre of object
For contact: you draw from point of contact

32
Q

What is Newton’s Third Law?

A

‘For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction’

33
Q

What is a free body diagram?

A

A diagram that shows the forces acting on a single object

34
Q

How do you draw a free body diagram (3 steps)?

A
  1. Identify all non-contact pairs
  2. Identify all contact pairs
  3. Focus on a single object. Draw that object with arrows showing all forces acting on the object
35
Q

How do you find resultant force?

A

You add forces together, taking direction into account

36
Q

How can you illustrate resolution forces?

A

By drawing them on graph paper and using a ruler to work out the components

37
Q

How do you illustrate equilibrium situations?

What is the resultant force for such situations?

A

By using a vector diagram, with each direction having the same amount of force. The resultant force is 0

38
Q

What is Newton’s first Law?

A

‘An object will continue to stay at rest or move with uniform velocity unless a force acts on it’

39
Q

Explain inertia

A

Inertia is a measure of how difficult it is to change the velocity of an object

40
Q

Explain mass

A

Mass is defined as the ratio of force over acceleration

41
Q

Where do two or more forces lead to a resultant force on an object?

A

When the forces act at different angles to each other.

42
Q

Where do forces balance to produce a resultant force of 0?

A

When the speed or direction of an object doesn’t change

43
Q

What is Newton’s Second Law?

A

The acceleration that a resultant force produces on an object depends on the size of the resultant force and the mass of the object

44
Q

What is the equation for Newton’s Second Law?

A

force (N) = mass (kg) x acceleration (m/s^2)

45
Q

Why does an object moving in a circle with a constant speed have a changing velocity?

A

It has a changing velocity because it is constantly changing direction

46
Q

Describe examples of forces acting on an isolated solid object or system

A

For a skydiver, he reaches terminal velocity in which the resultant force is 0 and he moves at the same velocity

47
Q

Define momentum

A

Momentum is a quantity that depends on mass and velocity

48
Q

What happens in elastic collisions?

A

In an elastic collision no energy is transferred to other stores, is it follows the law of conservation of momentum

49
Q

What happens in inelastic collisions?

A

In inelastic collisions, some energy is transferred to other stores, so it doesn’t fully follow the law of conservation of momentum.

50
Q

How do you calculate momentum?

A

momentum (kg m/s^2) = mass (kg) x velocity (m/s)

51
Q

What is doing work in science?

A

Doing work in science is about using forces to transfer energy between stores

52
Q

How do you calculate work done?

A

work done (J) = force (N) x distance (m)

53
Q

Why are joules equal to Newton metres?

A

1 N = 1 kg m/s^2

1 Nm = 1 kg m^2/s^2 - same as kinetic energy (joule)

54
Q

What is power? Refer to an example

A

Power is the rate at which energy is transferred, eg. A more powerful person can run upstairs in a shorter time

55
Q

How do you calculate power?

A

power (W) = work done (J) / time (s)

56
Q

How many forces do you need to bend, stretch or compress an object?

A

You need more than 1 force to be applied

57
Q

What is the difference between plastic and elastic deformation caused by stretching forces?

A

If materials do not return to their original shape after being stretched they are plastic
If materials do return to their original shape after being stretched they are elastic

58
Q

Describe the relationship between force and extension for a spring and other simple systems

A

Force and extension have a linear relationship up to a point, which is known as the limit of proportionality

59
Q

What is the elastic limit?

A

the force beyond which an object such as a spring doesn’t return to its original shape when the force is removed

60
Q

How do you calculate a spring constant in linear cases?

A

force exerted by a spring (N) = spring constant (N/m) x extension (m)

61
Q

Draw a graphical representation for the extension of a spring

A

see p.g. 79

62
Q

How do you calculate the work done in stretching?

A

energy transferred in stretching (J) = 0.5 x spring constant (N/m) x extension (m)

63
Q

Describe the difference between linear and non-linear relationship between force and extension

A

Linear relationships produce a straight line on a graph, while non-linear relationships don’t

64
Q

What does all matter have?

Where is the strength greater?

A

All matter has a gravitational field that causes attraction, and the field strength is much greater for massive objects

65
Q

Define weight

A

Weight is what we call the force of the Earth on an object

66
Q

How do we calculate weight?

A

weight (N) = mass (kg) x gravitational field strength,g (N/kg)

67
Q

What is the acceleration in free fall on Earth?

A

The acceleration in free fall in 10 m/s^2

68
Q

What is gravitational field strength?

A

Gravitational field strength is a measure of the force on a 1kg mass when it is a gravitational field due to another mass

69
Q

What is gravitational field strength known as and what is its value on the Earth’s surface?

A

Gravitational field strength is known as g and has a value of 10N/kg on the Earth’s surface

70
Q

What is gravitational potential energy?

A

The energy transferred to an energy store when you lift an object in a gravitational field is called gravitational potential energy

71
Q

What is the equation for gravitational potential energy?

A

gravitational potential energy (J) = mass (kg) x height (m) x gravitational field strength (N/kg)

Physics (6 decks)

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