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Physics P2 (AQA) > P2 > Flashcards

P2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is speed?

A

How fast you are going with no regard to the direction

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2
Q

What is velocity?

A

Speed in a given direction

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3
Q

On a distance time graph what is a upwards/downwards straight line?

A

Steady speed

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4
Q

What is a horizontal line on a distance time graph ?

A

Stationary

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5
Q

On a DT graph, what does a steeper graph represent?

A

A steeper graph means it is going faster

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6
Q

What do curves represent on a DT graph?

A

Acceleration or deceleration

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7
Q

What does a levelling off curve show on a DT graph?

A

That it is slowing down (deceleration)

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8
Q

What does the gradient = on a DT graph?

A

Speed

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9
Q

What is acceleration?

A

How quickly the velocity is changing over time

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10
Q

What does the gradient = on a velocity time graph?

A

Acceleration

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11
Q

What do flat sections on a VT represent?

A

A steady/constant speed

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12
Q

What does a steep graph on a VT show?

A

A steeper graph shows the greater the acceleration or deceleration is

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13
Q

In a VT graph what is the area under any section of the graph equal to?

A

The distance travelled in that time interval

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14
Q

What does a curve show on a VT graph?

A

Changing acceleration

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15
Q

What is gravitational force?

A

The force of attraction between all masses

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16
Q

What is mass?

A

The amount of matter an object contains

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17
Q

What is weight?

A

The force that is exerted because of gravity

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18
Q

What is the formula for weight mass and gravity?

A

Weight = mass x gravitational field strength

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19
Q

What is the level of gravity on the moon?

A

About 1.6 N/kg

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20
Q

What is resultant force?

A

The NET force of an object or point

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21
Q

What will the overall effect of forces have on an object?

A

It will decide whether the object accelerates, decelerates or stays at a steady speed

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22
Q

What does an object need to start moving?

A

A force

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23
Q

If there is no resultant force on an object what will happen?

A

It will carry on moving at the same velocity

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24
Q

What happens if there is a non-zero (unbalanced) resultant force?

A

The object will accelerate in the direction of the force

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25
Q

What are the 5 terms of acceleration?

A

Starting, stopping, speeding up, slowing down, changing direction

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26
Q

What happens when two objects interact?

A

The forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite

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27
Q

What direction does friction act ?

A

The opposite direction to movement

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28
Q

What is the most important factor in reducing drag?

A

Keeping the object streamlined

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29
Q

As speed increases, what does drag do?

A

Also increase

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30
Q

What does terminal velocity depend on?

A

The shape and area of an object

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31
Q

What is stopping distance?

A

The distance travelled once the brakes have been applied/distance travelled in the time between the driver first spotting a hazard and the driver coming to a complete stop

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32
Q

What is thinking distance?

A

The distance the vehicle travels during the drivers reaction time

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33
Q

What are the factors that affect thinking distance?

A
  1. How fast you’re going
  2. Tiredness, drugs, alcohol, careless attitude
  3. Bad visibility
  4. Distractions (radio, rain, bright oncoming lights)
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34
Q

What factors affect braking distance?

A
  1. How fast you’re going
  2. How good the brakes are
  3. How good the tyres are, car can skid if they’re not good enough
  4. How good the grip is, which depends on the road surface, weather conditions and tyres
35
Q

Describe work

A

When a force moves an object through a distance, energy is transferred and work is done

36
Q

What is work done measured in?

A

Joules (J)

37
Q

What is gravitational potential energy?

A

The energy an object has because of its height

38
Q

What does kinetic energy gained =?

A

Potential energy lost

39
Q

Which kind of meteors can make it through the earths surface?

A

Meteorites

40
Q

How do meteors and space shuttles transfer / lose energy ?

A
  1. They first have a high kinetic energy when they enter the atmosphere
  2. Friction due to collisions with particles transfers some of their kinetic energy to heat energy and work is done
  3. The temperatures can be so extreme that most meteors burn up and never hit the earth
  4. Space shuttles have heat shields made from special materials which lose heat quickly
41
Q

A force acting on an object may cause a …

A

… change in shape of the object (by stretching)

42
Q

What is an elastic object?

A

Any object that can go back to its original shape after the force has been removed?

43
Q

How does an object return to its original shape?

A

The energy is stored as elastic potential energy in the object when work is done on the object tochange its shape. This energy is then converted back to kinetic energy to allow the object to return to its original shape

44
Q

The extension of an elastic object is …

A

… directly proportional to the force applied (provided its limit of proportionality is not exceeded)

45
Q

What is the extension of an elastic object measured in?

A

Metres (m)

46
Q

What does k stand for?

A

The spring constant (measured in N/m)

47
Q

What is a powerful machine?

A

A machine that transfers a lot of energy in a short space of time

48
Q

What is power measured in?

A

Watts (W)

49
Q

One watt=

A

1 joule of energy transferred per second

50
Q

What is momentum ?

A

A property of moving objects

51
Q

What does momentum have?

A

Size and direction

52
Q

What is the conservation of momentum?

A

The total momentum before is the total momentum after

53
Q

Why are cars designed with safety features?

A

They slow people down over a longer time after a crash, the longer it takes for a change in momentum the smaller the force

54
Q

How is a car slowing down very quickly during a crash dangerous?

A

A lot of kinetic energy is converted into other forms of energy in a short amount of time, which means there is a big momentum change meaning the people inside experience huge forces that could be fatal

55
Q

What do crumple zones do?

A

They are at the front and back of the car and crumple up upon impact. The cars kinetic energy is converted into other forms of energy by the car as it changed shape. Crumple zones increase the impact time, decreasing the force produced by the change in momentum

56
Q

How do seat belts increase safety after a crash?

A

The stretch, increasing the time taken for the wearer to stop. This reduces forces acting on the chest. Some of the kinetic energy of the wearer is absorbed by the seat belt stretching

57
Q

How do side impact bars make a crash safer?

A

They help direct kinetic energy of the crash away from the passengers to other areas of the car, such as crumple zones.

58
Q

How do air bags work ?

A

They slow the person down more gradually and prevent someone from hitting hard surfaces inside the car

59
Q

How do brakes reduce the kinetic energy of a car?

A

Transfer energy into heat and sound energy

60
Q

What are regenerative braking systems?

A

They use the system that drives the vehicle to do the majority of braking. The breaks put the vehicles motor into reverse, which slows down the wheels. The Motor converts kinetic energy into electrical energy that is stored as chemical energy in the vehicles battery

61
Q

What does an aerodynamic design involve ?

A

The car is shaped in a way so air flows very easily and smoothly past them, minimising their air resistance

62
Q

When does a car reach its top speed?

A

When the resistive force equals the driving force provided by the engine

63
Q

What happens when insulating materials are rubbed together ?

A

Negatively charged electrons are transferred from one to the other and become electrically charged

64
Q

What happens with a polythene rod ?

A

Electrons move from the duster to the rod

65
Q

What happens with an acetate rod?

A

Electrons move from the rod to the duster

66
Q

What happens when two electrically charged objects are brought together?

A

They exert a force on eachother

67
Q

What happens to the force as the distance between two objects increases?

A

The forces get weaker

68
Q

What is current ?

A

The flow of electric charge round the circuit
UNIT = Amps (A)
WRITTEN AS= I

69
Q

What is potential difference?

A

The driving force that pushes the current around the circuit
UNIT= volts (V)
The work done per unit charge

70
Q

What is resistance?

A

Anything in the circuit which slows the flow of electricity down
UNIT = ohms

71
Q

The greater the resistance across a component…

A

The smaller the current that flows

72
Q

What is charge measured in?

A

Coulombs (C)

73
Q

What does the ammeter do?

A

Measures the current flowing through a component
It must be placed in series
It can be placed anywhere in the circuit but never parallel like the voltmeter

74
Q

What does the voltmeter do ?

A

Measures the potential difference across the component

Must be placed in parallel around the component

75
Q

What happens when the current can’t flow easily?

A

The resistance increases

76
Q

Explain a diode

A

Current can only flow in one direction

It is used to regulate potential difference in circuits

77
Q

Explain LED’s

A

They emit light when a current flows through it in a forward direction
They use a smaller current
Used in TV’s remote controls digital clocks and traffic lights

78
Q

Explain a LDR

A

Is dependent on the intensity of light
In bright light, the resistance falls
In darkness, the resistance is at its highest
Used in automatic night lights and burglar detectors

79
Q

What is a thermistor ?

A

A temperature dependant resistor
In hot conditions, resistance decreases
In cool conditions resistance increases
Used in electrical thermostats

80
Q

In a series circuits is the potential difference shared?

A

Yes, equally between all of the components

81
Q

What is the total resistance in a series circuit?

A

All of the resistances added up

82
Q

What is the frequency of the AC mains supply ?

A

50 Hz

83
Q

What happens if you plug a AC supply into an oscilloscope ?

A

The trace on the screen goes up and down - some of the time it is positive some of the time it is negative

84
Q

What does frequency =?

A

1/ time period (s)

Physics P2 (AQA) (1 decks)

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