P1S4 Flashcards
What are:
Human rights
Basic rights that each person should have, although this is not always the case
Why might:
Human rights need to be restricted
- Freedom of expression may need to be limited, for example if it is hate speech.
- Some human rights may clash with other ones.
Some religious views may go against some of people’s human rights such as the right to equality
Different views on:
Where human rights come from
and disadvantage
- John Locke - social contract (if done by humans, may not be fair for all)
- Aquinas - God’s natural law - (could misinterpret good values of God’s natural laws)
- Universal decleration of human rights - self-evident - (cannot assume God endowed us with rights, not enough proof)
- Benthem - laws - (no universal human rights, the law could allow slaves e.g. )
Problems with:
Human rights
- rights without duties (Roger Scruton) can be useless
- rights can conflict
- not every country signed up
- useless if not legally brought into power, and there is a limit on freedom of speech
Countries which:
Abstained decleration of human rights
- Saudi Arabia, South africa and soviet unions (8 total)
- Saudi Arabia commenting does not take into acount cultural differences
Religious arguments against:
Human rights
- Following God’s commands
- agape
Secular views for:
Human rights
- To create a happy society - John Locke - to restrict human’s actions to live peacefully
- human flourishing - Humanists - “Human beings can act to give their own lives meaning by seeking happiness […] and helping others to do the same”
- neccessary due to selfish nature - Thomas Hobbe - protect strong from taking advantage of the weak
Organisation for:
Human rights
Amnesty international, which has more than 10m people which outline acts done against human rights
International Christian concern
Difference between:
equity and equality
- equality is when everyone has the same
- equity is when people have what they need
How can:
Inequality be reduced
- Through legislation
- impartial recruitment processes, such as blind recruitment
What is:
Othering and Orientalism
- Othering is when individuals are described as being in a defined group
- Oreintalism is othering people in the Middle Eastern
Why can it be:
Difficult to identify othering
- Very common, especially in the media
- the person doing it is unaware
- may be hard to spot a person who thinks an idea
What are the secular persepectives on:
Racial harmony
- UN is for due to a rejection of any form of racism, through article 2
- Humanists campaigned for racial equality so that everyone can live happily
View of:
Bible on racial harmony
Against any discrimination,
Parable of the Good Samaritan
“When a foreigner resides among you, do not mistreat them.”
What are:
3 ways women’s rights have improved
- They can vote, entitled to equal pay and not decimated against
- sex discrimination act
- Equal pay act
- Electoral reform act
Different religious views on:
Gender roles
- Egalitarianists believe they are equal
- Complementarianism believe they are equal but have a different purpose, with the women being more nurturing.
- “Wives, sumbit yourselves to your own husbands as you do to the lord”
- Imago Dei
Views of:
Kate Mellett
- Radical Feminist
- argues that womanhood can only be discovered if they are treated equall to men
What is:
Disability disrimination
- When a disabled person is treated less well due to their disability
What are the different forms of:
Discrimination against disabled
- Direct
- Indicrect (e.g. way of working)
- Failure to make reasonale adjustments
- Victimisation
- Harrasment
What laws:
Protect the disabled
- 1995 disability discrimination act
- equality act
How has the:
Condition of disabled people improved
- Can now vote online
- cartoons with disabled characters to normalise it
- greater awareness
Views of the bible on:
Disabled
1 for 1 against, quotes
- “Cursed is anyone who misleads a blind man on the road”, suggests that people should not be taken advantage of, and suggests that there should be equal rights
- “no man who is blind or lame… must go near… the altar”
- In the new testament, Jesus had a track record with outcasts, and was for all people, and treated those with disabilities equally
Reasons for:
Increase in multi-ethnic society
- Increased migration
- Differences in birth rates
- development of a multicultural society
Advantages of a:
Multicultural society
- Can get rid of the stereotypes and prejudice of different ethnicities
- More interesting and diverse society through different cultures
- promotes tolerance instead of ignorance
- more likely for people to see others as equals
What are disadvantages of a:
Multi-ethnic society?
- Immigrants can take jobs
- can lead to more violence and tension for those who oppose it
- can lead to loss of culture
- can lead to segregation, due to poor people being more likely immigrants and rich people more likely from the nation
- english can be a barrier to entry for schools, making getting jobs harder
- Enoch Powell concerned that native English people would feel “strangers in their own country”
Prescence of:
Racism in the UK
- Growing support of the national party
- many people feel they have been overlooked a chance for a promotion (43%), whereas for white people it is 18%.
- Racism in police, and can be inter-generational
What is:
Proselytisation
Convert or try to convert someone from a belief, opinion or religion to another
What is:
Heresy
Belief or opinion contrary to the mainstream religious values held within a country
What is:
Ecumenism
Principle or aim of promoting unity among the world’s Christian churches
What is the:
Inclusivist view
- Christianity has the whole truth
- Other religions may have truth within them
- For example anonymous Christians
- “Christian grace holds true not only for Christains, but for all men of goodwill”
- Pope Paul VI
What is the:
Exclusivist view
- Christianity contains the whole truth and other religions are false
- “I am the way the truth and the life, no one comes to the father except through me”
- This is why Christians place high emphasis on evangelising
What is the:
Pluralist view
- All religions are equal and no religion can claim to have the whole truth, so not just Christians go to heaven
- fable of the blind men and the elepehant who all thought it was something different
- humans have a tendency to claim absolute truth based on their limited subjective experiences as they ignore other people’s experiences which can be equally true
- “In my father’s house, there are many rooms”
Reasons for:
Proselytising
- Beliefs of Jehovah’s witnessess
- Message of Jesus to his disciples at his ascension
- Muslim duty to guide and advise people towards the way of Allah
Reasons against:
Proselytising
- “Love your neighbour”, suggests that we should be loving them, instead of converting them
- Reduces freedom as a person should be able to choose their own belief.
- Dawkins: “There is no such thing as a Christian child, only a child of Christian parents”
- Lack of respect for people’s human rights as it does not respect religious freedom
- Article 18: Everyone has the freedom to think or believe what they want, including the right to religious belief
What is an:
Interfaith organisation
- The fatih and Belief forum
- Helps equip learners
- helps to project people’s voices
What is:
Absolute poverty
When someone does not have access to basic human needs such as water, clothing, education and shelter
View of:
Peter Singer on giving to charity
- Comes at very little cost to the person living comforbaly economically, but a big difference to the person it helps
- We should do it “Simply because we can”
- We should also do it because it will help limit suffering and, from an utilitarian viewpoint, and comes at a little cost
- However, requries us to favour people we do not know and limits our freedom to act
- Uses an analogy of a person wearing 200 pound boots which can save a child drowning, but has to sacrifice the boots
What are:
Limitations of Singer’s argument
- Limits freedom to act
- requires us to favour those that are not closest to us
View of:
Garrett Hardin
- 2/3 of the world’s population was “desparetly poor”, with 1/3rd being “comparitvely rich”,
- Analogy of a lifeboat with 50 people that can hold 60 and 100 swimmers. If the swimmers are all let on the ship will sink, if 10 then which ones, and it will strech resources. Hardin would let non on, ensuring the survival of those already on
View of:
Ron Rolheiser
- Justice can be more important that charity
- Input analogy
Whhat is the:
Christian response to the poor
- Giving as it provides greater satisfaction and inner contentment
- Reciprocal giving, as they have received the gift of salvation - “Freely you have received, freely give”
- Giving charitably is application of agape
For example, tearfund is a Christian organisation
