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EOYT SCIENCE Y7 > P1.4.1 - The Night Sky > Flashcards

P1.4.1 - The Night Sky Flashcards

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1
Q

The Sun and all of the planets that orbit it make up the…

A

Solar System

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2
Q

What is the universe.

A

All of the billions of galaxies together and everything in them.

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3
Q

If a meteor manages to make it to the ground we call it a…

A

meteorite

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4
Q

What is a light year?

A

The distance travelled by light in one year.

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5
Q

What is the name of the Earth’s only ‘natural satellite’?

A

The Moon

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6
Q

The stars in the sky are actually…

A

Suns (our Sun is a star!)

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7
Q

What is the order of the planets from the closest to the Sun to the furthest away?

A

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune (Pluto - dwarf planet)

(My Very Easy Method Just Speeds Up Naming Planets)

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8
Q

There are billions of stars in our galaxy. What is our galaxy called?

A

The Milky Way

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9
Q

What are the closes objects to Earth that you can see without a telescope?

A

Satellites

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10
Q

All of the planets move around the Sun. What is the scientific word for moving around the Sun?

A

Orbiting

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11
Q

What is a meteor?

A

Bits of rock and dust that break up in the Earth’s atmosphere (shooting stars)

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12
Q

What is a comet?

A

A large peice of ice that orbits the Sun

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13
Q

How can we see the moon?

A

Light from the Sun reflects off the moon and into our eyes.

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14
Q

What is a satellite?

A

Any object that orbits a planet

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15
Q

The Sun and all of the planets that orbit it make up the…

A

Solar System

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16
Q

What is the universe.

A

All of the billions of galaxies together and everything in them.

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17
Q

If a meteor manages to make it to the ground we call it a…

A

meteorite

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18
Q

What is a light year?

A

The distance travelled by light in one year.

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19
Q

What is the name of the Earth’s only ‘natural satellite’?

A

The Moon

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20
Q

The stars in the sky are actually…

A

Suns (our Sun is a star!)

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21
Q

What is the order of the planets from the closest to the Sun to the furthest away?

A

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune (Pluto - dwarf planet)

(My Very Easy Method Just Speeds Up Naming Planets)

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22
Q

There are billions of stars in our galaxy. What is our galaxy called?

A

The Milky Way

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23
Q

What are the closes objects to Earth that you can see without a telescope?

A

Satellites

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24
Q

All of the planets move around the Sun. What is the scientific word for moving around the Sun?

A

Orbiting

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25
Q

What is a meteor?

A

Bits of rock and dust that break up in the Earth’s atmosphere (shooting stars)

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26
Q

What is a comet?

A

A large peice of ice that orbits the Sun

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27
Q

How can we see the moon?

A

Light from the Sun reflects off the moon and into our eyes.

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28
Q

What is a satellite?

A

Any object that orbits a planet

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29
Q

What is the nearest galaxy to our own (milky way)?

A

Andromeda

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30
Q

Do all of the objects in the night sky emit light? (emit means gives off)

A

No - many objects reflect light such as the Moon. Stars emit light however.

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31
Q

Compare and contrast the inner and outer planets of the Solar System.

A
  1. The inner planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
  2. The outer planet are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
  3. The inner planets are smaller than the outer planets.
  4. The inner planets are made of rock but the outer planets are made of gas.
  5. The inner planets have shorter years than the outer planets.
  6. All four of the inner planets are visible from Earth but only one of the outer planets.
  7. The outer planets have lots more moons than the inner planets.
  8. The outer planets are a lot colder than the inner planets.
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32
Q

Which planets in our Solar System are called the ‘inner planets’?

A

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

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33
Q

Which planets make up the ‘outer planets’ of our solar system?

A

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

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34
Q

The planets of the solar system orbit the sun in a squashed circular direction. What do we call this squashed circle?

A

An ellipse shape

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35
Q

In our Solar System, what is found between Mars and Jupiter.

A

An Asteroid Belt

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36
Q

Put the following in order of size (smallest to largest): Solar System Planet Galaxy Universe Sun

A

Planet

Sun

Solar System

Galaxy

Universe

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37
Q

Describe the ‘outer planets’ of our solar system.

A

Large, further away form the sun, gas giants (made from gas)

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38
Q

Give 2 examples of dwarf planets

A

Pluto, Ceres

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39
Q

What is meant by a terrestrial planet?

A

A planet that is made from rock

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40
Q

Does every object that we see in the night sky orbit the Earth?

A

No! Meteors, stars don’t etc.

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41
Q

Describe the inner planets of our solar system.

A

Smaller, closer to the sun, terrestrial (made from solid rock)

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42
Q

Are the stars in the sky smaller than our Sun?

A

No - each star is a Sun and some are bigger than ours!

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43
Q

Do planets appear to wander across the night sky?

A

Yes, because they are orbiting the Sun.

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44
Q

Do all of the objects in the night sky emit light?

A

No, many objects such as the Moon reflect light.

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45
Q

Does everthing in Space orbit the Sun?

A

No e.g. asteroids do not.

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46
Q

How do scientists think that the Solar System was formed?

A

Bits of rock and dust were pulled together by gravity

about 5 billion years ago

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47
Q

Describe observations made by scientists that support their theory about how the Solar System was formed.

A

They look at clouds of gas and dust.

To see if exoplanets (planets around other stars) have formed.

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48
Q

If you jumped in a spaceship and travelled into space from Earth, which order would you observe the following?

Asteroid belt, Edge of our solar system, Andromeda Galaxy, the Moon, Edge of the Milky Way Galaxy, Saturn

A

The Moon, Asteroid belt, Saturn, Edge of our Solar System, Edge of the Milky Way, Andromeda Galaxy

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49
Q

Why are the groups of stars (constellations) that we see at night in the Summer different to the ones that we see in the winter?

A

Because the side of the Earth that has night is pointing at different stars at different times of the year.

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50
Q

Suggest a good piece of evidence that shows us that the Earth is spinning.

A

If you take photosgraphs of the stars they appear to move in circles.

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51
Q

The tilt of the Earth is the reason that we have…

A

seasons

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52
Q

Why is it hotter in Summer than in Winter?

A

Because the Earth is tilted towards the Sun.

The Suns rays are spread over a smaller area.

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53
Q

The sun moves around the Sun. What is the scientific name for this movement?

A

Orbit

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54
Q

Why do we have day and night?

A

The Sun only ever shines on 1 half of the Earth.

The Earth spins on its axis.

The side that the Sun is not shining on is experiencing night time.

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55
Q

How long does it take for the Sun to rotate on its axis once?

A

24 hours

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56
Q

What do we call groups of stars in the sky that form a pattern?

A

Constellations

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57
Q

How many days are ther ein a year?

A

365.25

(the quaters add up every 4 years to give 366 days - a leap year)

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58
Q

From which direction does the Sun rise?

A

In the East

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59
Q

The invisible line that runs between the north and south pole is called the Earth’s…

A

Axis

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60
Q

How long does it take the Earth to orbit the Sun once?

A

A year

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61
Q

The Earth spins around on its…

A

axis

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62
Q

Why does the Sun appear to move across the sky?

A

Because the Earth is spinning.

The Sun does not move!!

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63
Q

The Earth’s axis (and therefore the Earth) is tilted at an angle of…

A

23.4°

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64
Q

Why does the Sun not set in the North Pole during Summer?

A

Because the North Pole is tilted towards the Sun

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65
Q

In which direction does the Sun set?

A

In the West

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66
Q

When does the Sun reach its highest point in the sky?

A

At midday (noon - 12:00pm)

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67
Q

Explain why the length of the day changes during the year.

A

The Earth’s axis is tilted.

So the days are longer in the summer (January) than in winter (July).

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68
Q

State and explain the difference between your shadow length at noon in January and in July.

A

The Sun is higher in the sky in July

So the shadow will be shorter/smaller

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69
Q

Why is the average temperature of the Northern hemisphere higher in January than July?

A

The Sun’s radiation (light) is spread over a smaller area in the summer than in the winter.

Radiation from the Sun is more concentrated.

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70
Q

Identify the moon phase:

A

Full Moon

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71
Q

The different shapes of the Moon are called its…

A

Phases

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72
Q

What is a lunar eclipse?

A

When the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon.

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73
Q

How long does it take the moon to orbit the Earth once?

A

Approx 28 days

(27 days and 7 hours)

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74
Q

Identify the moon phase:

A

New Moon

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75
Q

Identify the missing label:

A

Umbra

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76
Q

What is the ‘umbra’ of a solar eclipse?

A

A place on Earth where you can witness a ‘total solar eclipse’

Where the suns rays are completely blocked out.

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77
Q

What is the ‘penumbra’ of a solar eclipse?

A

A place on Earth where only part of the suns rays are blocked.

You will only see a partial solar eclipse.

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78
Q

Identify the moon phase:

A

First Quarter

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79
Q

Identify the moon phase:

A

Waxing Gibbous

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80
Q

Identify the moon phase:

A

Waning Gibbous

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81
Q

Identify the moon phase:

A

Waning Crescent

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82
Q

Identify the moon phase:

A

Third Quarter

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83
Q

Why do we only ever see one side of the moon?

A

Because the moon spins at about the same speed as it orbits the Earth.

Therefore the same side is always pointing at Earth.

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84
Q

When the moon comes between the Sun and the Earth a

_________ ____________ happens

A

Solar Eclipse

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85
Q

What does this diagram show?

A

How a solar eclipse happens.

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86
Q

Identify the moon phase:

A

Waxing Crescent

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87
Q

Identify the missing label:

A

Penumbra

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88
Q

Why does the moon appear different over time?

A

Because only have of the Moon is ever lit.

Depending on where it is in its orbit it looks different.

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89
Q

What do we call it when the Earth blocks the light reaching the moon?

A

A lunar eclipse

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90
Q

Why do we not get a Solar Eclipse every time the Moon passes in front of the Earth?

A

The Moon is between the Earth and the Sun but does not block the light; so the orbit of the moon is tilted

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91
Q

Identify the missing labels.

A
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92
Q

Describe how you would observe an object using a microscope.

A
  1. Move the stage into its lowest position.
  2. Place object on the stage.
  3. Set objective lens to lowest magnification.
  4. Look through eyepeice and turn coarse focus knob until you see the object.
  5. Turn the fine focus knob until object comes into focus.
  6. Repeat ssteps 1-5 using different objective lenses.
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93
Q

When we look carefully at an object we say that we are making an…

A

observation

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94
Q

How can we see cells?

A

We can use a microscope

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95
Q

Identify the missing labels.

A
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96
Q

Can we see cells with the naked eye?

A

No - they are too small

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97
Q

How do we calculate total magnification of a microscope?

A

Eyepiece lens x Objective lens

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98
Q

Give an example of an organism that is made from just one cell.

A

A bacterium

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99
Q

All living organisms are made up of…

A

cells

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100
Q

Identify the missing labels.

A
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101
Q

Identify the missing labels.

A
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102
Q

Identify the missing labels.

A
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103
Q

What is an organism?

A

Any living thing e.g. humans, plants etc.

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104
Q

How can we prepare an object to see it through a microscope?

A

The object must be very thin so that light can travel through it.

The object may need to be stained with a coloured dye.

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105
Q

Identify the missing labels.

A
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106
Q

Identify the missing labels.

A
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107
Q

What is the function of a plant cell wall?

A

Gives strength and support to plant cells

Made from cellulose

Makes the cell rigid.

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108
Q

What is the function of a plant cell vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap.

This keeps tje cell firm.

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109
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
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110
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
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111
Q

Identify the 4 components of an animal cell.

A

Nucleus

Cell membrane

Mitochondria

Cytoplasm

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112
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
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113
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
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114
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
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115
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
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116
Q

What is the function of a cell membrane?

A

the barrier around a cell that controls what can enter/exit

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117
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
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118
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
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119
Q

What are the 7 components of a plant cell?

A

Nucleus

Cell membrane

Mitochondria

Cytoplasm

Vacuole

Chloroplasts

Cell wall

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120
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria in cells.

A

Where respiration happens

Respiration it the reaction that releases energy for the cell

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121
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

the jelly like subtance in a cell where chemical reactions happen.

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122
Q

What is the function of the nucleus of a cell?

A

Controls the activities of a cell

Contains genetic information needed to make new cells.

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123
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
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124
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
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125
Q

What is the function of plant cell chloroplasts?

A

Where photosynthesis happens.

They contain a green substance called chlorophyll that captures sunlight.

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126
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
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127
Q

How is a nerve cell adapted to carry out its function (job)?

A

It is long and thin so can send messages all over the body.

It has connecitons at each end to connect with other nerve cells.

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128
Q

What is the funciton of the jelly layer on a human egg cell?

A

To attract sperm.

To protect the egg.

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129
Q

How is a sperm cell adapted to carry out its function (job)?

A

They have a streamlined shape, to help them swim.

They contain mitochondria to give energy to their tail.

They have a tail for movement.

They have a pointed head that can burrow into the egg.

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130
Q

What is the function (job) of a sperm cell?

A

To carry male genetic information.

To fertilise an egg.

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131
Q

How is a root hair cell adapted to carry out its function (job)?

A

It has a long, thin root hair which creates a large surface area for absorbing water and nutrients.

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132
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

A cell that is adapted (has special features).

So that it can carry out a specific function (job).

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133
Q

What is the funciton of the fat stores in a human egg cell?

A

To provide energy for the developing embryo (early form of a baby)

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134
Q

What is the red pigment in red blood cells called that allows the cell to carry oxygen?

A

Haemoglobin

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135
Q

What is the function of a red blood cell?

A

They transport oxygen around the body.

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136
Q

How is a leaf cell adapted to carry out its function (job)?

A

It is long and thing which provides a big surface to capture sunlight.

It contains many chloroplasts which carry out photosynthesis.

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137
Q

Which type of specialised cell is this?

A

A nerve cell

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138
Q

What is the function (job) of a nerve cell?

A

To carry electrical impulses around the body.

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139
Q

What is the funciton of a root hair cell?

A

To help plants absorb nutrients and water from soil.

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140
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to carry out their function (job)?

A

They contain haemoglobin (red pigment) that joins with oxygen.

They have no nucleus so more room for oxygen.

They have a disklike shape to increase the surface area that oxygen can bind to.

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141
Q

Which type of specialised cell is shown below?

A

Root hair cell

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142
Q

Why do root hair cells not have chloroplasts like most plant cells?

A

Because they are underground - no light for them to carry out photosynthesis.

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143
Q

What is the function of a leaf cell?

A

To carry out photosynthesis and make food for the plant.

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144
Q

Where does water go when it enters a cell?

A

It enters the vacuole and makes the cell rigid.

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145
Q

What is the equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> Energy + CO2 + H2O

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146
Q

What do we call the chemical reaction that happens in our cells (in mitochondria) that releases energy?

A

Respiration

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147
Q

Glucose is a type of…

A

Sugar

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148
Q

How are glucose and oxygen transported around the body?

A

By the blood

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149
Q

Which nutrient found in food gives us energy?

A

Glucose

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150
Q

How does water move into root hair cells?

A

By diffusion

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151
Q

What will happen to a plant if they do not get enough water?

A

They wilt (go floppy)

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152
Q

How does carbon dioxide and glucose enter cells?

A

By the process of diffusion

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153
Q

What is the useful product of respiration?

A

Energy

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154
Q

What are the waste products of respiration?

A

Carbon Dioxide

Water

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155
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement** of substances from a **high concentration** to a **low concentration** until they are at **equilibrium.

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156
Q

What does equilibrium mean?

A

evenly spread out

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157
Q

Where does respiration happen?

A

Inside the mitochondria

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158
Q

Identify the missing label from the euglena

A
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159
Q

Idenitfy the missing label on the amoeba.

A
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160
Q

Identify the missing label from the euglena

A
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161
Q

Identify the missing label from the euglena

A
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162
Q

What do amoebas eat?

A

Bacteria, algae, plant cells.

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163
Q

Give 2 examples of unicellular organisms.

A

Amoeba

Euglena

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164
Q

What is the name of the process by which euglena and amoebas reproduce?

A

BINARY FISSION

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165
Q

Idenitfy the missing label on the amoeba.

A
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166
Q

What is the function of the eye spot of a euglena?

A

It detects light

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167
Q

Idenitfy the missing label on the amoeba.

A
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168
Q

How is the euglena adapted to get its energy?

A

It has chloroplasts to do photosynthesis

It has an eye spot to detect light

It has a flagellum to move towards light.

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169
Q

Idenitfy the missing label on the amoeba.

A
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170
Q

How do amoeba and euglena reproduce?

A
  1. Start with parent cell.
  2. Nucleus divides
  3. Cytoplasm divides
  4. Two daughter cells form
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171
Q

What is an organism?

A

Any living thing e.g. plant, animal etc.

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172
Q

Identify the missing label from the euglena

A
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173
Q

What is a unicellular organism?

A

An organism that is made from just one cell

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174
Q

How do amoebas move around?

A

They stretch out part of their body (pseudopod)

And the rest of their body follows.

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175
Q

What does the diagram show?

A

A euglena

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176
Q

What is this a diagram of?

A

An amoeba

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177
Q

Identify the missing label from the euglena

A
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178
Q

Idenitfy the missing label on the amoeba.

A
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179
Q

What is the function of the flagellum of a euglena?

A

It is a tail that allows the euglena to move around

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180
Q

What is the funciton of the following organ: intestines

A

Absorbs nutrients from food

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181
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide (gas exchange)

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182
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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183
Q

List 3 examples of organ systems.

A

Circulatory system

Respiratory system

Reproductive system

Skeletal system

Urinary system

Nervous system

Digestive system

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184
Q

What is the funciton of the following organ: stomach

A

digests food

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185
Q

What is the function (job) of the circulatory system?

A

transports materials around the body in the blood.

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186
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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187
Q

Multicellular organisms have 5 levels of organisation.

List the levels in order of complexity (least complex first)

A

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ Systems

Organism

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188
Q

What is the funciton of the following organ: lungs

A

Take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide (gas exchange)

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189
Q

Many nerve cells joined together make a….

A

Nerve tissue

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190
Q

Identify 3 plant organs

A

Leaf - absorbs light for photosynthesis

Stem - holds plant upright

Root - anchors plant into ground and takes in water/minerals.

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191
Q

List 3 examples of specialised cells.

A

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell

Ciliated epithelial cell

Root hair cell

White blood cell

Muscle cell

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192
Q

What is an organ?

A

An organ is a gorup of tissues that work together to perform a certain function.

E.g. the digestive system contains many organs to digest food.

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193
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function (job).

e.g. muscle tissue - contracts to allow movement.

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194
Q

What is the funciton of the following organ: brain

A

controls the body

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195
Q

What is the funciton of nerve tissue?

A

To transmit messages around the body.

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196
Q

Many muscle cells joined together make a….

A

Muscle tissue

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197
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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198
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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199
Q

What is the funciton of the following organ: bladder

A

stores urine

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200
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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201
Q

What is the funciton of the following organ: liver

A

Removes toxins (poisons) from the blood

Produces bile to help digestion

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202
Q

Many root hair cells joined together make

A

root tissue

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203
Q

What is meant by a specialised cell?

A

A cell that has adapted speciali features to carry out a specific function (job).

e.g. sperm cell has a tail to swim to the egg

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204
Q

What is the funciton of the following organ: heart

A

pumps blood

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205
Q

What is the funciton of the following organ: kidneys

A

Filter blood

Produce urine

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206
Q

An organism made from many cells working together is called a…

A

Multicellular Organism

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207
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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208
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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209
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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210
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
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211
Q

Which gas do you breath in?

A

Oxygen

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212
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
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213
Q

What is the function of the ribcage?

A

To protect the heart and lungs

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214
Q

When air reaches the alveoli oxygen moves into the capillarise via the process of…

A

DIFFUSION

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215
Q

What is the name of the red pigment found in red blood cells that can bind to oxygen?

A

Haemoglobin

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216
Q

Which gas do you breathe out?

A

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

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217
Q

The process of breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide is called…

A

gas exchange

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218
Q

List the order of the parts of the lungs as air moves through them during inhalation.

A

Nose/Mouth

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli

Capillaries

Blood

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219
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
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220
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
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221
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
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222
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
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223
Q

In which organ does gas exchange occur in the body?

A

Lungs

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224
Q

List 3 adaptations of the alveoli that increases the speed of gas exchange

A

Millions of alveoli provide a large surface area for gases to diffuse

Thin walls mean gases do not have to diffuse far into/out of blood.

Many capillaries mean more gas can diffuse into blood

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225
Q

What happens to the volume of the lungs when you are breathing out?

A

It decreases

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226
Q

Which muscles relax during exhalation

A

Intercostal (rib) muscles

Diaphragm

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227
Q

Inhalation means…

A

breathing in

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228
Q

The scinetific term for breathing is…

A

ventilation

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229
Q

Which muscle contract during inhalation?

A

Intercostal (rib) muscles

Diaphragm

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230
Q

What happens to the volume of the lungs when you are breathing in?

A

It increases

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231
Q

Exhalation means…

A

breathing out

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232
Q

What happens to the intercostal muscles when they relax?

A

They move the ribcage down and in

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233
Q

What happens to the intercostal muscles when they contract?

A

The move the ribcage up and out

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234
Q

What happens to the pressure in your lungs, causing you to breath in during inhalation?

A

It decreases

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235
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when it contracts?

A

It flattens (moves down)

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236
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when it relaxes?

A

It moves up

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237
Q

Do muscles contract or relax when you breath out?

A

Relax

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238
Q

Do muscles contract or relax when you breath in?

A

Contract

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239
Q

What happens to the pressure in your lungs, causing you to breath out during exhalation?

A

It increases

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240
Q

Compare what happens in the lungs when a human breathes in and out.

A
  1. Ribcage moves up when we breathe in and
  2. moves down when we breathe out.
  3. Diaphragm moves down/contracts when we breathe in
  4. and moves up/relaxes when we breathe out.
  5. Chest volume increases when we breathe in
  6. and decreases down when we breathe out.
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241
Q

What is the function (job) of bone marrow?

A

To make blood cells

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242
Q

All of the bones together in your body make up your…

A

Skeleton

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243
Q

Identify the missing label

A
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244
Q

What are the 4 functions of the human skeleton?

A
  1. Supports the body
  2. Protects vital organs
  3. Helps the body to move
  4. Makes blod cells
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245
Q

Identify the missing label

A
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246
Q

Identify the missing label

A
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247
Q

Identify the missing label

A
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248
Q

Which bone protects your brain?

A

Skull

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249
Q

Which bones protect your spinal cord?

A

Back bone (vertebral column)

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250
Q

Which bones protect your heart and lungs?

A

Ribcage

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251
Q

Are the bones of your body living tissue?

A

Yes

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252
Q

Identify the missing label

A
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253
Q

Identify the missing label

A
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254
Q

What is found in the middle of bones?

A

Bone marrow

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255
Q

Identify the missing label

A
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256
Q

Identify the missing label

A
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257
Q

Identify the missing label

A
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258
Q

Identify the missing label

A
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259
Q

Identify the missing label

A
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260
Q

Identify the missing label

A
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261
Q

Which mineral makes bones strong?

A

Calcium (Ca)

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262
Q

Identify the missing label

A
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263
Q

Describe the movement of a fixed joint.

A

Cannot move in any direction.

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264
Q

The bones of a joint are held together by…

A

ligaments

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265
Q

Describe a ball and socket joint’s movement.

A

Can move in all directions.

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266
Q

Identify the structures of the knee joint.

A
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267
Q

Identify the structures of the knee joint.

A
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268
Q

Describe a hinge joint.

A

Can only move backwards and forwards.

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269
Q

Identify the structures of the knee joint.

A
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270
Q

What is a joint?

A

A point at which 2 or more bones meet.

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271
Q

What stops the bone in your joints wearing away?

A

Smooth cartilage and slippery fluid.

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272
Q

Idenitfy the 3 types of joint.

A

Hinge joint

Fixed joint

Ball and Socket joint

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273
Q

Identify the structures of the knee joint.

A
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274
Q

Identify the structures of the knee joint.

A
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275
Q

What do tricep muscles do?

A

Bend the arms down (straight)

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276
Q

When a muscle contract is gets…

A

shorter

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277
Q

Identify the muscles in the arms

A

Biceps (on top)

Triceps (on bottom)

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278
Q

When a muscle relaxes it gets…

A

longer

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279
Q

The pairs of muscles in a hinge joint work in opposite directions. What is the scientific term for this type of muscle pair?

A

Antagonistic pairs

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280
Q

What do bicep muscles do?

A

Bend the arms up

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281
Q

Can muscles push?

A

No they can only pull.

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282
Q

What type of muscle is your heart made from?

A

Cardiac muscle

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283
Q

Muscles are attached to bones by…

A

tendons

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284
Q

What is adolescence?

A

The time in your life where you change from a child into an adult.

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285
Q

The body goes through 2 types of change during adolescence. These are…

A
  1. Physical changes2. Emotional changes
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286
Q

The physical changes of adolescence are called…

A

puberty

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287
Q

What is puberty

A

The physical changes of adolescence.

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288
Q

During which age range does puberty usually occur in most people?

A

9-14

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289
Q

Why does puberty need to happen?

A

The reproductive system needs to develop so that the person can have children if they choose to.

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290
Q

List 4 changes that happen to girls AND boys during puberty.

A
  1. Pubic hair and underarm hair grows.2. Body smell becomes stronger.3. Emotional changes occur.4. Growth spurt
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291
Q

List 4 changes that happen only to girls during puberty.

A
  1. Breasts develop2. Ovaries start to release eggs3. Periods start4. Hips widen
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292
Q

List 5 changes that happen only to boys during puberty.

A
  1. Voice breaks (gets deeper)2. Testes and penis get bigger3. Testes start to produce sperm4. Shoulders widen5. Hair grows on face and chest
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293
Q

What causes puberty to happen?

A

Sex hormones are released from the ovaries or testes which act as chemical messengers.These hormones trigger physical changes.

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294
Q

Where are male sex hormones made?

A

In the testes

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295
Q

Where are female sex hormones made?

A

In the ovaries

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296
Q

How do hormones travel around the body?

A

In the bloodstream

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297
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
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298
Q

Can semen and urine exit the penis at the same time?

A

No

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299
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

this is where a baby develops until it is born.

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300
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
301
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

A bag of skin that carries the testes

302
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
303
Q

What is the function of the cervix?

A

A ring of muscle at the entrance to the uterus.

It keeps the baby in place whillst the mother is pregnant.

304
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
305
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A

Receives sperm during sexual intercourse.

This is where a male’s penis enters the females body.

306
Q

What is the function of the female reproductive system?

A

To produce egg cells.

To grow a baby.

307
Q

What is the function of the oviducts?

A

They carry an egg to the uterus.

308
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
309
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

To carry semen out of the body and release it into a female.

310
Q

What is the function of the sperm ducts?

A

They carry sperm from the testes to the penis.

311
Q

Whhat is the function of the ovaries?

A

They contain egg cells.

312
Q

What is the function of the glands?

A

They produce nutrient fluids to help keep sperm alive.

313
Q

What is the function of the male reproductive system?

A

To produce sperm and release it inside a female

314
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
315
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
316
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

A tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body.

317
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
318
Q

A mixture of sperm and fluid from the glands is called…

A

Semen

319
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
320
Q

How is the penis able to enter the vagina?

A

It swells with blood and stiffens.

This is known as an erection.

321
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
322
Q

What is the funciton of the testes?

A

they produce sperm cells and the male sex hormone

323
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
324
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
325
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
326
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
327
Q

What is the scientific term for reproductive cells (egg and sperm cells)?

A

Gametes

328
Q

The male gametes are…

A

Sperm cells

329
Q

The female gamete is the

A

Egg cell (Ovum)

330
Q

When an egg and sperm cell join together, we call it…

A

fertilisation

331
Q

The oviducts are lined with cells lined with small hair like structures called…

A

cilia

332
Q

What is the function of the cilia that line the oviducts?

A

They waft the egg released by the ovary along to the uterus.

333
Q

What happens during sexual intercourse?

A
  1. The man’s penis fills with blood and becomes erect.2. The woman’s vagina become moist to allow the penis to enter.3. The man moves his penis back and forth in the vagina.4. This stimulate the release of semen into the vagina.
334
Q

When sperm is released from the penis it is called…

A

ejaculation

335
Q

What happens after sperm enters the vagina?

A
  1. Sperm swim towards the uterus.2. They then swim towards the oviduct.3. If a sperm cell meets an egg there, fertilisation can happen.
336
Q

What happens after fertilisation?

A
  1. The fertilised egg divides into a ball of cells called an embryo.2. The embryo attaches to the lining of the uterus and begins to develop into a baby. This is called implantation.
337
Q

How often is an egg released from an ovary?

A

Once a month

338
Q

Describe what happens during birth.

A
  1. The mothers cervix relaxes.
  2. The muscles in the wall of the uterus contract.
  3. This pushes the baby out through the vagina.
339
Q

What is the scientific name for an egg that has been fertilised?

A

A zygote

340
Q

What is the function of the umbilical cord?

A

It connects the fetus to the placenta.

341
Q

What happens in the 9th week of pregnancy?

A

Fetus can move

Lips and cheeks sense touch

Eyes and ears are forming.

342
Q

In mammals, the time spent in the uterus during development is called…

A

gestation

343
Q

What effect can smoking have on an unborn baby?

A

Premature birth

Low birth weight

344
Q

What is the function of the fluid sac (amniotic sac)?

A

It acts as a shock absorber, protecting the fetus from any bumps.

345
Q

Identify the missing labels:

A
346
Q

What happens in the 1st week of pregnancy?

A

Cells of the embryo begin to specialise (do specific jobs)

347
Q

Identify the missing labels:

A
348
Q

What is the function of a placenta?

A
  1. An organ where substance pass between the mother’s blood and the fetus’s blood.
  2. It acts as a barrier, which stops infections and harmful substances reaching the fetus.
349
Q

What happens in the 4th week of pregnancy?

A

Spine and brian are forming and heart is beating.

350
Q

Identify the missing labels:

A
351
Q

What effect can alcohol have on an unborn baby?

A

Poor brain development

352
Q

What happens in the 12th week of pregnancy?

A

Fetus can kick, suck, swallow and practise breathing.

353
Q

Identify the missing labels:

A
354
Q

Identify the missing labels:

A
355
Q

After 8 weeks of growth an embryo is called a…

A

fetus

356
Q

How long is the human gestation period?

A

9 months (40 weeks)

357
Q

Does the blood of mother and fetus mix when it is developing in the uterus?

A

NO - but useful substances like nutrients and oxygen can pass from mother to baby through the placenta.

358
Q

When a fertilised egg (zygote) divides into a ball of cells, we call the ball of cells an…

A

embryo

359
Q

Identify the missing labels:

A
360
Q

What 3 things do midwives advise pregnant woman to do?

A
  1. Eat a healthy diet
  2. Do not smoke
  3. Do not drink alcohol
361
Q

Define the menstrual cycle.

A
  1. The monthly release of an egg from a woman’s ovaries.2. The monthly build up and breakdown of the lining of the uterus.
362
Q

How long does a period usually last?

A

3-7 days

363
Q

The female reproductive system works in a sequence called…

A

the menstrual cycle

364
Q

The menstrual cycle lasts for…

A

28 days (approximately)

365
Q

The menstrual cycle is controlled by…

A

hormones

366
Q

What happens on day 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Bleeding as the lining of the uterus breaks down.

367
Q

What happens on day 5 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Bleeding usually stops and the lining of the uterus starts to regrow.

368
Q

What is the function of the uterus lining?

A

To provide a spongy, blood rich layer for embryo implantation.

369
Q

What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovulation - an egg is released from one of the ovaries.

370
Q

What happens if a sperm cell does not meet the egg after ovulation has happened?

A

The lining of the uterus breaks down and the menstrual cycle starts again from day 1.

371
Q

What is contraception?

A

Where steps are taken to avoid becoming pregnant.

372
Q

The 2 most common forms of contraception are:

A
  1. Condoms2. The contraceptive pill
373
Q

Condoms are a ‘barrier method’ of contraception. What does this mean?

A

It prevents sperm reaching the egg.

374
Q

What can condoms do that the contraceptive pill cannot?

A

Protect against STIs (sexually transmitted infections).

375
Q

What does the contraceptive pill contain?

A

Hormones

376
Q

How does the contraceptive pill work?

A

It contains hormones, which stop ovulation happening, which prevents pregnancy.

377
Q

What does the contraceptive pill NOT do?

A

Protect against STIs (sexually transmitted infections)

378
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
379
Q

If pollen from a flower pollinates a different flower we call it…

A

cross pollination

380
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
381
Q

What is the function of the anther?

A

it produces pollen

382
Q

Why are flower petals usually bright colours?

A

To attract insects/pollinators to them.

383
Q

Thew female reproductive parts of a flower are called the…

A

carpel

384
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
385
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
386
Q

What is the function of the style?

A

It holds up the stigma

387
Q

Name the two methods by which plants can be pollinated.

A

By wind

By insects/animals

388
Q

If pollen from a flower pollinates its own stimga we call it…

A

self pollination

389
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
390
Q

When pollen is transferred to the stigma it is called…

A

Pollination

391
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
392
Q

What is the female gamete in a flowering plant?

A

Ovules

393
Q

Describe the flowers of wind-pollinated plants.

A
  1. Small dull petals.
  2. No nectar.
  3. Large amounts of pollen made.
  4. Pollen is very light.
  5. Anthers dangle out of plant to make easy for pollen to escape.
  6. Stigma hangs out of plant so can catch pollen easier.
394
Q

Describe the flowers of a plant that is fertilised by insects.

A
  1. Brightly coloured, sweet smelling petals to attract insects.
  2. Some flowers make nectar which bees use to make honey.
  3. Small amounts of pollen are produced.
  4. Pollen is spiky so sticks to insects.
  5. Anther and stigmas are held firmly in flowers so insects can rub against them.
  6. Stigma has a sticky coating, so pollen sticks to it.
395
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
396
Q

What is the male gamete in a flowering plant?

A

Pollen

397
Q

What is the function of the stimga?

A

It is the sticky part of the carpel that cathes grains of pollen.

398
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
399
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
400
Q

Identify the missing label:

A
401
Q

The male reproductive parts of a flower are called the…

A

stamen

402
Q

What is the function of the filament?

A

It holds up the anther.

403
Q

What is the function of the ovary?

A

It contains the ovules (female gametes)

404
Q

When the nucleus of a pollen grain and ovule fuse together we call it…

A

Fertilisation

405
Q

Describe how fertilisation, in flowering plants, leads to the formation of a fruit containing seeds.

A
  1. Pollen grain lands on stigma.2. Tube grows from pollen grain down through style.3. The pollen nucleus moves down the tube.4. The pollen nucleus joins with the ovule nucleus (fertilisation).5. A fruit containing seeds will then form.
406
Q

Which part of a flowering plant turns into a fruit after fertilisation has happened?

A

The ovary.

407
Q

Which part of a flowering plant turns into the seeds after fertilisation has happened?

A

Ovules

408
Q

Which 3 parts do all seeds have?

A
  1. A seed coat.2. An embryo3. A food store (starch)
409
Q

What is the function of the seed coat of a seed?

A

It protects the seed.

410
Q

What is the function of the food store of a seed?

A

It provides food to the plant embryo before it starts to do photosynthesis.

411
Q

What do we call it when a seed first starts to grow?

A

Germination.

412
Q

What does a seed need to germinate?

A
  1. Water2. Warmth3. Oxygen
413
Q

Why does a seed need water to germinate?

A

It makes the seed swell up, breaks the seed coat and allows the embryo to start growing.

414
Q

Why does a seed need warmth to germinate?

A

Warmth speeds up the chemical reactions happening in the seed.

415
Q

Why does a seed need oxygen to germinate?

A

To allow the seed to do respiration (produce energy)

416
Q

Describe the steps involved when a seed starts to germinate and grow.

A
  1. The seed rapidly absorbs water which causes seed coat to split.2. The roots grow down and the shoot grows up.3. The first leaves start to appear so the plant makes its own food via photosynthesis.4. More leaves start to appear and the plant uses photosynthesis to meet all of its energy demands.
417
Q

What is meant by seed dispersal?

A

When seeds are released away from the parent plant and each other.

418
Q

Why are seeds dispersed?

A
  1. To provide more space for growth.2. So that the seedlings do not compete for resources.
419
Q

Which resources do plants compete for?

A
  1. Light2. Water3. Nutrients in soil
420
Q

The 4 methods of seed dispersal are…

A
  1. Wind2. Animal3. Water4. Explosive
421
Q

Describe some of the features of seeds that are dispersed by wind.

A
  1. Small mass2. Extensions that act as parachutes or wings.
422
Q

Give 2 examples of plants that disperse their seeds using the wind.

A
  1. Dandelions2. Sycamore trees
423
Q

Animals can disperse seeds in 2 ways. These are…

A
  1. Internally2. Externally
424
Q

Describe the seeds of a plant that are dispersed by water.

A
  1. Low mass2. Waterproof
425
Q

Give an example of a plant whose seeds are dispersed by water.

A
  1. Coconut trees2. Willow trees
426
Q

Some fruits burst open when they are ripe, releasing their seeds in all directions. Give an example of plant that does this.

A
  1. Cucumbers2. Himalayan balsam3. Pea plants
427
Q

Can you compress a solid?

A

No

428
Q

What is a substance?

A

Something that is made from just one type of particle e.g. gold is a substance made from gold particles.

429
Q

Does a solid have a ‘fixed shape’?

A

YES

430
Q

Can you see the particles that make up materials?

A

No - they are too small to see.

431
Q

Can you compress a gas?

A

Yes - because its particles are far apart

432
Q

What is meant by the properties of a material?

A

The features of the material e.g. is it strong

433
Q

Identify the 3 states of matter.

A

Solid

Liquid

Gas

434
Q

Does a liquid have a fixed shape?

A

No - liquids can take the shape of the container that they are poured into.

435
Q

Does a liquid flow? (can it be poured?)

A

Yes- because its particles can roll around each other.

436
Q

Describe the particles in a solid.

A

Neatly arranged

Vibrating

All touching

437
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A mixture is something that is made from lots of different types of particles e.g. air is a mixture of different particles.

438
Q

Which state is shown below?

A

Liquid

439
Q

Does a gas flow? (can it be poured?)

A

Yes - because gas particles are free to move around

440
Q

Which state is shown below?

A

Gas

441
Q

Does a gas have a fixed shape?

A

No - they can take the shape of the container that they are in e.g. a balloon

442
Q

Does a solid flow? (can it be poured?)

A

No

443
Q

What is matter?

A

The ‘stuff’ that everything is made from.

444
Q

We say that all materials are made from tiny pieces called…

A

particles

445
Q

Describe the particles in a liquid.

A

Randomly arranged

Rolling around one another

Touching

446
Q

Which state is shown below?

A

Solid

447
Q

Describe the particles in a gas.

A

Randomly arranged

Moving around

Not touching

448
Q

Can you compress a liquid?

A

No - its particles are too close together.

449
Q

What is meant by a state?

A

Whether something is a solid, liquid or gas.

450
Q

Melting and freezing are both examples of…

A

changes of state

451
Q

You are given 3 unknown solids.

Describe how you could identify the substances by using their melting points.

A

Heat each substance until they melt and record their melting points.

Look up the melting points of different solids on the internet.

Compare your melting point to the ones from the internet to identify the substance.

452
Q

When a substance changes from a liquid to a solid we call it…

A

freezing

453
Q

When a substance changes from a solid to a liquid we call it…

A

melting

454
Q

What is meant by the melting point of a substance?

A

The temperature that a substance begins to melt at.

455
Q

What temperature does ice begin to melt at?

A

0 °C

456
Q

Describe what happens to water paricles when an ice cube melts.

A
  1. Water particles in ice are close and neatly arranged.
  2. The particles vibrate on the spot.
  3. As the particles in ice gain energy, they vibrate more and more.
  4. This happens until eventually they break away from their neat arrangement. This is called melting.
  5. The particles start to move about as a liquid.
457
Q

After how many minutes does the substance below begin to boil?

A

5 minutes

458
Q

You are given 3 unknown substances.

Describe how you could use boiling points to identify the substances.

A

Heat each substance until it boils and record the boiling point.

Look up a list of different substance boiling points on the internet.

Compare the unknown substance boiling points with your list from the internet.

459
Q

What temperature does the substance below boil at?

A

100 ºC

460
Q

What do we call it when a gas turns into a liquid?

A

Condensation

461
Q

What is boiling?

A

When a substance is changing from a liquid to a gas state

462
Q

How do we make a substance boil?

A

We need to give enough thermal energy (heat) to its particles.

463
Q

If the temperature of a gas falls below its boiling point, what will happen?

A

It will condense back into a liquid

464
Q

What is evaporation?

A

When some particles in a liquid gain enough energy to escape from its surface. This is different to boiling!

465
Q

What is the difference between boiling and evaporation?

A

Evaporation happens at any temperature boiling happens only at the boiling point.

Evaporation is where particles escape from the surface of a liquid, boiling is where gas bubbles form throughout the liquid , rise and then escape,

466
Q

Use ideas about particles and evaporation to explain why sweating cools you down.

A
  1. Sweat comes out of the pores in your skin.
  2. Water from the sweat evaporates.
  3. The water particles need energy to move away as a gas.
  4. They take this energy from your skin, which cools you down.
467
Q

Describe what happens to particles of water when it boils.

A
  1. Bubbles of steam form throughout the liquid.
  2. In the bubbles particles are spread out.
  3. In the liquid, water particles touch their neighbours.
  4. As water boils, the steam bubbles rise to the surface of the liquid.
  5. The steam bubbles escape into the air.
  6. The steam particles mix with the air particles.
468
Q

A beaker of water is completely boiled into steam.

Is the number of water particles before and after boiling the same?

A

Yes - the number of particles are conserved (the same)

469
Q

The temperature that substances will boil at is called the…

A

boiling point

470
Q

What is meant by equilibrium?

A

Evenly spread

471
Q

What is meant by a low concentration?

A

An area that contains few particles.

472
Q

Big particles will diffuse more ______ than smaller particles.

A

slowly

473
Q

High temperatures cause diffusion to happen…

A

faster

474
Q

What is the definition of diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration until they are at equilibrium.

475
Q

Low temperatures cause diffusion to happen…

A

slowly

476
Q

What is meant by a high concentration?

A

An area that contains many particles.

477
Q

Why can diffusion not happen in solids?

A

Because the particles in a solid are fixed in position.

478
Q

Substances in which states can diffuse?

A

Liquids and gases - because their particles can move around.

479
Q

What is meant by the net movement of particles?

A

The overall direction that particles move in.

480
Q

What can affect the speed (rate) of diffusion?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Particle size
  3. The state of the substance
481
Q

What happens to gas pressure if you decrease the temperature?

A

It decreases.

482
Q

Why does gas pressure increase if you add more air particles to a sealed container?

A

Because there are more air parrticles colliding with the inside of the container.

483
Q

What does the word ‘collide’ mean?

A

Crash into something

484
Q

What happens to gas pressure if you increase the temperature?

A

It increases

485
Q

Describe how air particles are behaving when they are inside a balloon?

A

They are flying around randomly.

They collide into each other.

They are colliding off the inside walls of the balloon.

486
Q

When air particles collide off the inside walls of a balloon they exert a force. What do we call this force?

A

Gas Pressure

487
Q

If you increase the number of air particles inside a fixed container, what happens to the gas pressure inside the container?

A

It increases

488
Q

How can you protect against substances that are damaging to skin?

A

Wear gloves

Handle with care

489
Q

How can you be safe when working around substances that are toxic?

A

Do not eat or drink anything in the lab

490
Q

How do we calculate an average from a list of numbers?

A

Add the numbers together.

Divide them by how many numbers there are.

e.g. 1 + 2 + 3 = 6

6 divideded by 3 = 2

491
Q

Why do we repeat observations when doing an experiment?

A

To make our results more reliable and accurate

492
Q

Why do we calculate an average result when doing an experiment?

A

To make the result more accurate

493
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: H

A

Hydrogen

494
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: B

A

Boron

495
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: Si

A

Silicon

496
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: Ne

A

Neon

497
Q

Identify the only metal that is a liquid at room temperature.

A

Mercury (Hg)

498
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: O

A

Oxygen

499
Q

Identify the 3 magnetic metals

A

Iron

Nickel

Cobalt

500
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: Hg

A

Mercury

501
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances (a type of atom)

502
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: Lithium

A

Li

503
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: P

A

Phosphorous

504
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: K

A

Potassium

505
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: Na

A

Sodium

506
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: N

A

Nitrogen

507
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: C

A

Carbon

508
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: S

A

Sulfur

509
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: Fe

A

Iron

510
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: Ca

A

Calcium

511
Q

What is a compound?

A

2 or more atoms of different elements strongly bonded together.

512
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: Ar

A

Argon

513
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest part of an element that can exist

514
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: Cl

A

Chlorine

515
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: Be

A

Beryllium

516
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: Au

A

Gold

517
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: Ag

A

Silver

518
Q

Why do some chemical symbols not contain the same letters as their element? e.g. Fe = iron

A

Because they are based on the elemtns latin name e.g.

Fe = Ferrum = Latin for Iron

519
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: Mg

A

Magnesium

520
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: F

A

Fluorine

521
Q

What is a chemical symbol?

A

A one or two letter code for an element e.g. Mg = magnesium

522
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: Al

A

Aluminium

523
Q

The periodic table is split into two regions called..

A

Metals

Non-metals

524
Q

What are the rules for writing a chemical symbol?

A

Always start with a capital letter

If there are 2 letters, the seconds is lowercase.

525
Q

Identifty the chemical symbol: He

A

Helium

526
Q

Which images contain molecules?

A

A, B, C and D

527
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance made up of atoms of 2 or more elements.

528
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A group of substances that are not chemically bonded together.

529
Q

In which state are the substances shown in the diagrams?

A

Gas

530
Q

Which images contain 1 type of molecule only and nothing else?

A

A, C and D

531
Q

How are properties of the compound H2O (water) different to the properties of its elements?

A

H2 - hydrogen is a gas

O - oxygen is a gas

H2O - water is a liquid

532
Q

Are the properties of a compound the same as the properties of the elements that make the compound?

A

No compounds have different properties compared to their elements.

533
Q

Salt is a common compound. What is the chemical name for salt?

A

Sodium Chloride

(NaCl)

534
Q

Which image shows a compound made from 3 different types of element?

A

C

535
Q

Which image shows a mixture?

A

B

536
Q

Which images show compounds?

A

A and C

537
Q

Compounds containing 2 elements always end in which suffix?

A

“ide”

e.g. sodium + chlorine –> sodium chloride

538
Q

What is a molecule?

A

When more than one atom is bonded together.

539
Q

The diagram below shows some particles of a substance at room temperature.

Explain what the diagram tells you about the substance.

A
  • The substance is made up of molecules.
  • The substance is in the gas state at room temperature…
  • …since its molecules are separate from each other and randomly arranged.
  • The substance is a compound…
  • …since it is made up of atoms of more than one element.
  • One molecule of the substance is made up of one atom of one element and two atoms of another element.
540
Q

Name the following compound:

CO2

A

Carbon dioxide

541
Q

What does a chemical formula tell us?

A

the relative number of atoms of each element in a compound.

542
Q

Name the following compound:

CO

A

Carbon monoxide

543
Q

Identify the ratio of elements in the following compound:

Al2O3

A

Aluminium atoms 2: Oxygen atoms 3

544
Q

What does the subscript tell us in a chemical formula? e.g. CO_2_

A

How many atoms of the element are present in a compound.

e.g. CO_2 _contains 2 oxygen atoms

545
Q

Identify the ratio of elements in the following compound:

H2O

A

2 Hydrogen atoms: 1 Oxygen atom

546
Q

Identify the ratio of elements in the following compound:

CO2

A

1 Carbon atom : 2 Oxygen atoms

547
Q

Name the following compound:

Al2O3

A

Aluminium oxide

Al2O3

548
Q

Name the following compound:

H2O

A

Water

549
Q

All of the chemical symbols are organised into a table called…

A

the periodic table

550
Q

Acids all taste…

A

sour

551
Q

Alkalis all feel…

A

soapy

552
Q

Vinegar, oranges and lemons all contain an acid or alkali?

A

Acid

553
Q

Toothpaste, soap and bleach all contain an acid or alkali?

A

Alkali

554
Q

What is the main hazard linked to acids?

A

They are corrosive (will burn your skin or eyes)

555
Q

What safety precautions can we take when working with acids and alkalis?

A

Wear safety glassesWear gloves

556
Q

Which acid is found in vinegar?

A

Ethanoic acid

557
Q

Which acid is found in citrus fruits such as lemons and limes?

A

Citric acid

558
Q

Which type of acid is found in your stomach?

A

Hydrochloric Acid

559
Q

How can we dilute acids and alkalis?

A

By adding water to them

560
Q

Which are more dangerous: concentrated acids and alkalis or dilute acids and alkalis?

A

Concentrated acids and alkalis

561
Q

What is meant by a concentrated acid?

A

An acid that contains many more acid particles (H+) compared to water particles.

562
Q

What is meant by a concentrated alkali?

A

An alkali that contains many more alkali particles (OH-) compared to water particles.

563
Q

What is the scientific name for acid particles?

A

H+ (hydrogen ions)

564
Q

What is the scientific name for alkali particles?

A

OH- (hydroxide ions)

565
Q

What is an indicator?

A

Something that tells us if a substance is an acid or alkali.

566
Q

How do indicators work?

A

They contain a dye which changes colour in acidic and alkaline conditions.

567
Q

You add blue litmus paper to an unknown solution and it turns red.

You add red litmus paper to an unknown solution and it stays red.

The substance is…

A

Acidic

568
Q

You add red litmus paper to an unknown solution and it turns blue.

You add blue litmus paper to an unknown solution and it stays blue.

The substance is…

A

Alkaline

569
Q

You add blue litmus paper to an unknown solution and it stays blue.

You add red litmus paper to an unknown solution and it stays red.

The substance is…

A

Neutral

570
Q

If you want to know exactly how acidic or alkaline a substance is then we use…

A

Universal Indicator

571
Q

Describe a solution that turns universal indicators the following colours:

A
572
Q

Describe a solution that turns universal indicators the following colours:

A
573
Q

Describe a solution that turns universal indicators the following colours:

A
574
Q

Describe a solution that turns universal indicators the following colours:

A
575
Q

Describe a solution that turns universal indicators the following colours:

A
576
Q

pH1 =

A

Strong acid

577
Q

pH2 =

A

Strong acid

578
Q

pH3=

A

Strong acid

579
Q

pH4 =

A

Weak acid

580
Q

pH5=

A

Weak acid

581
Q

pH6=

A

Weak acid

582
Q

pH7=

A

Neutral

583
Q

pH8=

A

Weak alkali

584
Q

pH9=

A

Weak alkali

585
Q

pH10=

A

Weak alkali

586
Q

pH11=

A

Strong alkali

587
Q

pH12=

A

Strong alkali

588
Q

pH13 =

A

Strong alkali

589
Q

pH14=

A

Strong alkali

590
Q

Give an example of useful n eutralisation reactions.

A

Toothpaste is alkaline to neutralise the acids produced by bacteria that cause acid erosion.

Indigestion tablets neutralised stomach acids to prevent heartburn/indigestion.

591
Q

What type of reaction occurs when an acid reacts with an alkali?

A

Neutralisation reaction

592
Q

What is a base?

A

-A substance that neutralises an acid

593
Q

What is an alkali?

A

A substance that neutralises an acid.A base that is soluble (dissolves) in water.

594
Q

Give 2 examples of bases.

A

Copper oxide (CuO)Calcium oxide (CaO)

595
Q

Give an example of an alkali.

A

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

596
Q

If an acid is added to an alkali does the pH increase or decrease?

A

Decrease

597
Q

If an alkali is added to an acid does the pH increase or decrease?

A

Increase

598
Q

A farmer wants to start growing sweetcorn on his farm. He has found out that sweetcorn grows best in soil with a pH value of 7.5. Explain how he can use knowledge of acids, alkalis, and neutralisation to find out the pH value of his soil to make sure he gets the best crop possible.

A
  1. Use an indicator to determine the pH value of the soil.2. Add alkali to reduce the pH value if it is alkaline.3. Add acid to increase the pH value if it is too alkaline.4. Adding acid/alkali causes a neutralisation reaction and changes the pH value.5. The pH value will change over time due to weather/leeching into the surrounding soil/plant or animal waste.6. The pH value will need to be regularly monitored and adjusted.
599
Q

Suggest how environmental organisations could calculate the amount of alkali needed to raise the pH of an acidic lake.

A
  1. Measure pH of lake water.2. Select a suitable alkali that can be used to neutralise the pH.3. Carry out an investigation to find out the exact volume of alkali needed to neutralise the sample volume.4. Carry out a suitable number of repeats including from various locations to obtain an average pH/amount of alkali needed.
600
Q

Acid + Alkali –>

A

Salt + Water

601
Q

Acid + Alkali –>

A

Acid + Alkali –> Salt + Water

602
Q

Magnesium + Hydrochloric Acid –>

A

Magnesium + Hydrochloric Acid –> Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen

603
Q

What is the chemical formula for Nitric Acid?

A

HNO3

604
Q

What is the chemical formula for Sodium Chloride (table salt)?

A

NaCl

605
Q

Acid + Base –>

A

Acid + Base –> Salt + Water

606
Q

Explain the similarities and differences between the reactions of sulfuric acid, H2SO4, with copper and with copper oxide. You should use balanced equations as part of your explanation and make reference to why the products may be different.

A
  1. Both will involve the H+ being displaced by the copper.
  2. Both will form the salt copper sulfate, CuSO4.
  3. Both would be exothermic changes.
  4. H2SO4 + Cu → CuSO4 + H2O
  5. H2SO4 + CuO → CuSO4+ H2
  6. Copper oxide will react with sulphuric acid to produce water as oxygen is present and this joins with the 2H+ from the acid.
  7. Copper produces hydrogen gas as there is no oxygen available to join with the H+ to form water.
  8. A gas would be release when copper reacts, so this reaction would fizz, the reaction with copper oxide would not.
607
Q

What is the chemical formula for Hydrochloric Acid

A

HCl

608
Q

Sulfuric Acid produces which type of salt?

A

Sulfate salts (ending in SO4)

609
Q

Metal + Acid –>

A

Salt + Hydrogen

610
Q

How can we test for hydrogen gas?

A

Collect the gas

Hold a lit splint next to it

Squeaky pop = hydrogen!

611
Q

Hydrochloric Acid produces which type of salt?

A

Chloride salts (ending in ‘Cl’)

612
Q

How can we make salts?

A

Metal + Acid

Acid + Alkali

Base + Alkali

613
Q

H+ + OH- –>

A

H+ + OH- ​–> H2O

614
Q

What is the chemical formula for Sulfuric Acid

A

H2SO4

615
Q

Sulfuric Acid + Copper Oxide –>

A

Sulfuric Acid + Copper Oxide –> Copper Sulfate + Water

616
Q

Nitric Acid produces which type of salt?

A

Nitrate salts (ending in NO3)

617
Q

Zinc + Sulfuric Acid –>

A

Zinc + Sulfuric Acid –> Zinc Sulfate + Hydrogen

618
Q

All forces are measure in…

A

Newtons (N)

619
Q

List some examples of contact forces.

A

Friction

Air resistance

Reaciton force

Upthrust

620
Q

Forces always come in pairs. What do we call these pairs?

A

Interaction pairs.

621
Q

What is a force?

A

A push or a pull

622
Q

Which force forms an interaction pair with weight?

A

The reaction force

623
Q

The force of water pushing a boat up is called…

A

upthrust

624
Q

A force that acts without touching is called a…

A

Non-contact force.

625
Q

What do we use to measure a force?

A

Newtonmeter (force meter)

626
Q

How do we show forces acting on an object?

A

We add ‘force arrows’ to it.

627
Q

What effect can forces have on objects?

A

Change their shape (deform)

Change the direction the object moves in.

628
Q

What do we call forces that act when you touch something?

A

A contact force.

629
Q

List 3 non-contact forces.

A

Gravity

Magnetism

Electrostatic force

630
Q

What is the scientific word for ‘changing shape’?

A

Deform

631
Q

Explain how the reaction force works.

A
  1. The floor is a solid and made from particles.
  2. Your weight pushed the particles together.
  3. The bonds holding the particles together are compressed.
  4. They push back to support you.
632
Q

If you double the force on a spring you will _________ the length of the spring.

A

double

633
Q

When a stetched string pulls back we call it…

A

tension

634
Q

The force of the Earth pushing an upject up is called the…

A

reaction force.

635
Q

The amount that a spring can stretch is called its…

A

extension

636
Q

If you stretch a spring so long that it can no longer go back to its original size we say that the spring has reached its…

A

elastic limit

637
Q

What is the scientific word for ‘squash’?

A

Compress

638
Q

If an object (e.g. a spring) doubles in length when you double the force on it we say that it obeys…

A

Hooke’s Law

639
Q

When are drag forces useful?

A

Parachutes use air resistance (a drag force) to slow down a fall.

640
Q

Rough surfaces have ______ friction.

A

more

641
Q

When is friction a bad thing?

A

Friction that wears down a bike chain.

Carpet burns

642
Q

What is friction?

A

A force that acts when two force against each other.

Friction causes grip.

643
Q

Smooth surfaces have _______ friciton.

A

less

644
Q

How can you reduce drag forces?

A

Have a streamlined shape.

645
Q

Name the two drag forces.

A

Air resistance

Water resistance

646
Q

How can you reduce friction between 2 surfaces?

A

Use lubrication e.g. oil

647
Q

When is friction a good thing?

A

Friction between your shoe and road to allow you to walk.

Friction between bike/car brakes and the wheels to allow you to stop.

648
Q

What is weight?

A

The force that an object (or person) pushes into the Earth as a result of gravity.

649
Q

The invisible regions around object that exert non-contact forces are called…

A

force fields

650
Q

Why do yuo weigh less on the moon?

A

Because the moon has a smaller gravitational field strength.

651
Q

You cannot have weight without…

A

gravity

652
Q

What is the equation for calculating weight on any planet/moon?

A

Weight (N) = Mass (Kg) x Gravitational Field Strength (N/Kg)

653
Q

What is mass?

A

The amount of ‘stuff’ that an object is made from.

654
Q

Mass is measured in…

A

Kilograms (Kg)

655
Q

What happens to the strength of a force field when you move away from it?

A

It weakens

656
Q

Weight is measured in…

A

Newtons (N)

657
Q

Is mass a force?

A

No

658
Q

What are the names of the 3 types of force field?

A

Magnetic fields

Gravitational fields

Electrostatic force fields

659
Q

Name the 3 non-contact forces.

A

Magnetism

Gravity

Electrostatic force

660
Q

A person lying in bed has balanced forces acting on them (weight and reaction force). We say that the person is in…

A

equilibrium

661
Q

If the forces acting on an object are balanced, we say that the object is in…

A

equilibrium

662
Q

When forces acting on an object are the same size in opposite directions we say that they are…

A

balanced

663
Q

If the engine force of a car is greater than the air resistance acting on it will the car speed up, slow down or travel at the same speed?

A

Speed up

664
Q

If forces acting in opposite directions are not the same size, we say that they are…

A

unbalanced.

665
Q

What is meant by the independent variable?

A

The thing in an experiment that I change

666
Q

What is meant by the dependent variable in an experiment?

A

The thing I record

667
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A possible explanation for an observation

668
Q

Which direction does the x-axis on a graph travel?

A

across (horizontal)

669
Q

Which direction doe the y-axis on a graph travel?

A

up (vertical)

670
Q

Which column in a table does the independent variable go in?

A

The left column

671
Q

Which column in a table does the dependent variable go in?

A

The right column

672
Q

Which axis does the independent variable go on?

A

The x-axis

673
Q

Which axis does the dependent variable go on?

A

Te y-axis

674
Q

What should the title on a graph always start with?

A

A graph to show…

675
Q

If a results table only contains numbers we draw which type of graph?

A

Line graph

676
Q

If a results table contains words and numbers we draw which type of graph?

A

Bar chart

677
Q

Describe a longitudinal wave.

A

The oscillaiton is parrallel to the direction of the wave.

678
Q

A wave that has bounced off a barrier is called the…

A

reflected wave.

679
Q

What is meant by the amplitude of a wave

A

The height of a peak or depth of a trough.

680
Q

What is meant by the wavelength of a wave?

A

The distance between the same points on a wave e.g. distance between peaks.

681
Q

The top of a wave is called the…

A

Peak or Crest

682
Q

The bottom of a wave is called a…

A

Trough

683
Q

What is meant by superposing waves?

A

When waves are put together

684
Q

What is another word for vibration?

A

An oscillation

685
Q

A wave that is travelling towards a barrier is called the…

A

incident wave

686
Q

Identify the missing label on this longitudinal wave.

A

Compressions

687
Q

Describe a transverse wave.

A

The oscillation moves 90° to the direction of the wave

688
Q

What do we call it when a wave bounces off a surface or barrier?

A

Reflection

689
Q

What is another word for an oscillation?

A

A vibration

690
Q

What 2 things can happen when waves are put together? (superposed)

A

They cancel out

They add together

691
Q

Identify the 2 types of wave.

A

Transverse Wave

Longitudinal Wave

692
Q

What can waves transfer?

A

Energy

Information

693
Q

What is a wave in science?

A

A vibration (oscillation)

694
Q

What is meant by the frequency of a wave?

A

The number of waves per second

695
Q

Identify the missing label on this longitudinal wave.

A

Rarefactions

696
Q

Which is faster? Sound or light?

A

Light

697
Q

What is a vacuum?

A

Empty space (no particles at all)

698
Q

Does sound eventually disappear?

A

No it spreads out as it moves away from the source.

699
Q

Which medium does sound travel through the slowest?

A

Air, because the particles are furthest apart.

700
Q

What is meant by a medium?

A

A solid/liquid/gas that sound travels through

701
Q

Sound is a type of…

A

energy

702
Q

How is sound able to travel through a medium?

A

Particles oscillate into nearby particles and pass the oscillations along.

703
Q

How is sound generated?

A

By vibrations (oscillations)

704
Q

Thunder and lightening happen at the same time. Why do we see the lightning before we hear the thunder?

A

The light from the lightning travels faster than the sound of thunder.

705
Q

Sound requires a m________ to travel through

A

medium

706
Q

Which medium is sound able to travel fastest through?

A

Solids because the particles are closest together

707
Q

What is the speed of sound in air?

A

340 m/s

708
Q

Which wave has a biggest amplitude? A or B?

A

Wave A

709
Q

What are the units of frequency?

A

Hertz (Hz)

or

Kilohert (KHz)

710
Q

A quiet sound has a small…

A

amplitude

711
Q

The _________ of a wave will decide the pitch.

A

frequency

712
Q

1 KHz = how many Hertz?

A

1 KHz = 1000 Hz

713
Q

What is meant by the pitch of a sound?

A

How high or low its note sounds

714
Q

Frequencies above 20000 Hz are called…

A

ultrasound

715
Q

Which wave would sound low pitched? A or B?

A

Wave B

716
Q

A high frequency results in what type of sound?

A

A high pitched sound

717
Q

Which wave has the smallest amplitude? A or B?

A

Wave B

718
Q

Which sound would be louder? A or B?

A

Wave A

719
Q

A loud sound has a big ___________

A

amplitude

720
Q

Which wave would sound high pitched? A or B?

A

Wave A

721
Q

What do we call the range of frquencies that you can hear?

A

Audible range

722
Q

How do we calculate the range?

A

Biggest value - smallest value = range

723
Q

Which wave has the highest frequency A or B?

A

Wave A

724
Q

Which wave has the lowest frequency? A or B?

A

Wave B

725
Q

Frequencies below 20 Hz are called…

A

infrasound

726
Q

A low frequency wave results in a…

A

low pitched sound

727
Q

What range of frequencies can humans hear?

A

20-20000 Hz

728
Q

The pitch of a sound depends on the _________ of its wave.

A

frequency

729
Q

Identify the missing label on this diagram of the ear.

A
730
Q

The units of sound loudness is…

A

Decibels (dB)

731
Q

Identify the missing label on this diagram of the ear.

A
732
Q

Identify the missing label on this diagram of the ear.

A
733
Q

Identify the missing label on this diagram of the ear.

A
734
Q

Which part of the ear directs sound into the ear?

A

The pinna

735
Q

Identify the missing label on this diagram of the ear.

A
736
Q

What does the cochlea contain?

A

Liquid and tiny hairs that detect vibrations caused by sound

737
Q

Identify the missing label on this diagram of the ear.

A
738
Q

What is the function (job) of the ossicles?

A

To amplify sound that enters the ears (make louder)

739
Q

What is the function (job) of the semi-circular canals?

A

They help you to balance

740
Q

How can loud sounds damage hearing?

A

They can paralyse the tiny hairs in the cochlea which are responsible for converting sound into electrical signals that travel to the brain.

741
Q

What is the function of the auditory nerve?

A

To carry electrical signals from the ear to the brain which are interpreted as sound.

742
Q

Identify the missing label on this diagram of the ear.

A
743
Q

What is an echo?

A

Where a sound reflects off a surface and is detected by the ears.

744
Q

Why is there a delay between making a sound and hearing an echo?

A

It takes sound time to travel.

745
Q

What is the equation for calculating distance using echoes?

A

Distance = (Speed of Sound x Delay Time) ÷ 2

746
Q

What do we call it when lots of echoes combine?

A

Reverberation

747
Q

How can you reduce the effect of echoes?

A

By putting soft materials on the walls.

By putting down carpets on the floor.

748
Q

What is ultrasound?

A

Sound with a frequency greater than 20 000 Hz

749
Q

List some functions of ultrasound.

A
  • Bats/dolphins use ultrasound for echolocation.
  • Ships use ultrasound to detect the depth of the ocean floor.
  • Doctors use it to create images of unborn babies.

EOYT SCIENCE Y7 (1 decks)

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