P1.4.1 - The Night Sky Flashcards
1
Q
The Sun and all of the planets that orbit it make up the…
A
Solar System
2
Q
What is the universe.
A
All of the billions of galaxies together and everything in them.
3
Q
If a meteor manages to make it to the ground we call it a…
A
meteorite
4
Q
What is a light year?
A
The distance travelled by light in one year.
5
Q
What is the name of the Earth’s only ‘natural satellite’?
A
The Moon
6
Q
The stars in the sky are actually…
A
Suns (our Sun is a star!)
7
Q
What is the order of the planets from the closest to the Sun to the furthest away?
A
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune (Pluto - dwarf planet)
(My Very Easy Method Just Speeds Up Naming Planets)
8
Q
There are billions of stars in our galaxy. What is our galaxy called?
A
The Milky Way
9
Q
What are the closes objects to Earth that you can see without a telescope?
A
Satellites
10
Q
All of the planets move around the Sun. What is the scientific word for moving around the Sun?
A
Orbiting
11
Q
What is a meteor?
A
Bits of rock and dust that break up in the Earth’s atmosphere (shooting stars)
12
Q
What is a comet?
A
A large peice of ice that orbits the Sun
13
Q
How can we see the moon?
A
Light from the Sun reflects off the moon and into our eyes.
14
Q
What is a satellite?
A
Any object that orbits a planet
15
Q
The Sun and all of the planets that orbit it make up the…
A
Solar System
16
Q
What is the universe.
A
All of the billions of galaxies together and everything in them.
17
Q
If a meteor manages to make it to the ground we call it a…
A
meteorite
18
Q
What is a light year?
A
The distance travelled by light in one year.
19
Q
What is the name of the Earth’s only ‘natural satellite’?
A
The Moon
20
Q
The stars in the sky are actually…
A
Suns (our Sun is a star!)
21
Q
What is the order of the planets from the closest to the Sun to the furthest away?
A
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune (Pluto - dwarf planet)
(My Very Easy Method Just Speeds Up Naming Planets)
22
Q
There are billions of stars in our galaxy. What is our galaxy called?
A
The Milky Way
23
Q
What are the closes objects to Earth that you can see without a telescope?
A
Satellites
24
Q
All of the planets move around the Sun. What is the scientific word for moving around the Sun?
A
Orbiting
25
What is a meteor?
Bits of rock and dust that break up in the Earth's atmosphere (shooting stars)
26
What is a comet?
A large peice of ice that orbits the Sun
27
How can we see the moon?
Light from the Sun reflects off the moon and into our eyes.
28
What is a satellite?
Any object that orbits a planet
29
What is the nearest galaxy to our own (milky way)?
Andromeda
30
Do all of the objects in the night sky **_emit_** light? (emit means gives off)
No - many objects reflect light such as the Moon. Stars emit light however.
31
Compare and contrast the inner and outer planets of the Solar System.
1. The inner planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
2. The outer planet are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
3. The inner planets are smaller than the outer planets.
4. The inner planets are made of rock but the outer planets are made of gas.
5. The inner planets have shorter years than the outer planets.
6. All four of the inner planets are visible from Earth but only one of the outer planets.
7. The outer planets have lots more moons than the inner planets.
8. The outer planets are a lot colder than the inner planets.
32
Which planets in our Solar System are called the 'inner planets'?
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
33
Which planets make up the 'outer planets' of our solar system?
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
34
The planets of the solar system orbit the sun in a squashed circular direction. What do we call this squashed circle?
An ellipse shape
35
In our Solar System, what is found between Mars and Jupiter.
An Asteroid Belt
36
Put the following in order of size (smallest to largest): Solar System Planet Galaxy Universe Sun
Planet
Sun
Solar System
Galaxy
Universe
37
Describe the 'outer planets' of our solar system.
Large, further away form the sun, gas giants (made from gas)
38
Give 2 examples of dwarf planets
Pluto, Ceres
39
What is meant by a terrestrial planet?
A planet that is made from rock
40
Does every object that we see in the night sky orbit the Earth?
No! Meteors, stars don't etc.
41
Describe the inner planets of our solar system.
Smaller, closer to the sun, terrestrial (made from solid rock)
42
Are the stars in the sky smaller than our Sun?
No - each star is a Sun and some are bigger than ours!
43
Do planets appear to wander across the night sky?
Yes, because they are orbiting the Sun.
44
Do all of the objects in the night sky emit light?
No, many objects such as the Moon **_reflect_** light.
45
Does everthing in Space orbit the Sun?
No e.g. asteroids do not.
46
How do scientists think that the Solar System was formed?
Bits of rock and dust were pulled together by gravity
about 5 billion years ago
47
Describe observations made by scientists that support their theory about how the Solar System was formed.
They look at clouds of gas and dust.
To see if exoplanets (planets around other stars) have formed.
48
If you jumped in a spaceship and travelled into space from Earth, which order would you observe the following?
Asteroid belt, Edge of our solar system, Andromeda Galaxy, the Moon, Edge of the Milky Way Galaxy, Saturn
The Moon, Asteroid belt, Saturn, Edge of our Solar System, Edge of the Milky Way, Andromeda Galaxy
49
Why are the groups of stars (constellations) that we see at night in the Summer different to the ones that we see in the winter?
Because the side of the Earth that has night is pointing at different stars at different times of the year.
50
Suggest a good piece of evidence that shows us that the Earth is spinning.
If you take photosgraphs of the stars they appear to move in circles.
51
The tilt of the Earth is the reason that we have...
seasons
52
Why is it hotter in Summer than in Winter?
Because the Earth is tilted towards the Sun.
The Suns rays are spread over a smaller area.
53
The sun moves around the Sun. What is the scientific name for this movement?
Orbit
54
Why do we have day and night?
The Sun only ever shines on 1 half of the Earth.
The Earth spins on its axis.
The side that the Sun is not shining on is experiencing night time.
55
How long does it take for the Sun to rotate on its axis once?
24 hours
56
What do we call groups of stars in the sky that form a pattern?
Constellations
57
How many days are ther ein a year?
365.25
(the quaters add up every 4 years to give 366 days - a leap year)
58
From which direction does the Sun rise?
In the East
59
The invisible line that runs between the north and south pole is called the Earth's...
Axis
60
How long does it take the Earth to orbit the Sun once?
A year
61
The Earth spins around on its...
axis
62
Why does the Sun appear to move across the sky?
Because the Earth is spinning.
The Sun does not move!!
63
The Earth's axis (and therefore the Earth) is tilted at an angle of...
23.4°
64
Why does the Sun not set in the North Pole during Summer?
Because the North Pole is tilted towards the Sun
65
In which direction does the Sun set?
In the West
66
When does the Sun reach its highest point in the sky?
At midday (noon - 12:00pm)
67
Explain why the length of the day changes during the year.
The Earth’s axis is tilted.
So the days are longer in the summer (January) than in winter (July).
68
State and explain the difference between your shadow length at noon in January and in July.
The Sun is higher in the sky in July
So the shadow will be shorter/smaller
69
Why is the average temperature of the Northern hemisphere higher in January than July?
The Sun’s radiation (light) is spread over a smaller area in the summer than in the winter.
Radiation from the Sun is more concentrated.
70
Identify the moon phase:
Full Moon
71
The different shapes of the Moon are called its...
Phases
72
What is a lunar eclipse?
When the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon.
73
How long does it take the moon to orbit the Earth once?
Approx 28 days
| (27 days and 7 hours)
74
Identify the moon phase:
New Moon
75
Identify the missing label:
Umbra
76
What is the 'umbra' of a solar eclipse?
A place on Earth where you can witness a 'total solar eclipse'
Where the suns rays are completely blocked out.
77
What is the 'penumbra' of a solar eclipse?
A place on Earth where only part of the suns rays are blocked.
You will only see a partial solar eclipse.
78
Identify the moon phase:
First Quarter
79
Identify the moon phase:
Waxing Gibbous
80
Identify the moon phase:
Waning Gibbous
81
Identify the moon phase:
Waning Crescent
82
Identify the moon phase:
Third Quarter
83
Why do we only ever see one side of the moon?
Because the moon spins at about the same speed as it orbits the Earth.
Therefore the same side is always pointing at Earth.
84
When the moon comes between the Sun and the Earth a
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ____________ happens
Solar Eclipse
85
What does this diagram show?
How a solar eclipse happens.
86
Identify the moon phase:
Waxing Crescent
87
Identify the missing label:
Penumbra
88
Why does the moon appear different over time?
Because only have of the Moon is ever lit.
Depending on where it is in its orbit it looks different.
89
What do we call it when the Earth blocks the light reaching the moon?
A lunar eclipse
90
Why do we not get a Solar Eclipse every time the Moon passes in front of the Earth?
The Moon is between the Earth and the Sun but does not block the light; so the orbit of the moon is tilted
91
Identify the missing labels.
92
Describe how you would observe an object using a microscope.
1. Move the stage into its lowest position.
2. Place object on the stage.
3. Set objective lens to lowest magnification.
4. Look through eyepeice and turn coarse focus knob until you see the object.
5. Turn the fine focus knob until object comes into focus.
6. Repeat ssteps 1-5 using different objective lenses.
93
When we look carefully at an object we say that we are making an...
observation
94
How can we see cells?
We can use a microscope
95
Identify the missing labels.
96
Can we see cells with the naked eye?
No - they are too small
97
How do we calculate total magnification of a microscope?
Eyepiece lens x Objective lens
98
Give an example of an organism that is made from just one cell.
A bacterium
99
All living organisms are made up of...
cells
100
Identify the missing labels.
101
Identify the missing labels.
102
Identify the missing labels.
103
What is an organism?
Any living thing e.g. humans, plants etc.
104
How can we prepare an object to see it through a microscope?
The object must be very thin so that light can travel through it.
The object may need to be stained with a coloured dye.
105
Identify the missing labels.
106
Identify the missing labels.
107
What is the function of a plant cell wall?
Gives strength and support to plant cells
Made from cellulose
Makes the cell rigid.
108
What is the function of a plant cell vacuole?
Contains cell sap.
This keeps tje cell firm.
109
Identify the missing label.
110
Identify the missing label.
111
Identify the 4 components of an animal cell.
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
112
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113
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114
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115
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116
What is the function of a cell membrane?
the barrier around a cell that controls what can enter/exit
117
Identify the missing label.
118
Identify the missing label.
119
What are the 7 components of a plant cell?
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
**_Vacuole_**
**_Chloroplasts_**
**_Cell wall_**
120
What is the function of the mitochondria in cells.
Where respiration happens
Respiration it the reaction that releases energy for the cell
121
What is the function of cytoplasm?
the jelly like subtance in a cell where chemical reactions happen.
122
What is the function of the nucleus of a cell?
Controls the activities of a cell
Contains genetic information needed to make new cells.
123
Identify the missing label.
124
Identify the missing label.
125
What is the function of plant cell chloroplasts?
Where photosynthesis happens.
They contain a green substance called chlorophyll that captures sunlight.
126
Identify the missing label.
127
How is a nerve cell adapted to carry out its function (job)?
It is long and thin so can send messages all over the body.
It has connecitons at each end to connect with other nerve cells.
128
What is the funciton of the jelly layer on a human egg cell?
To attract sperm.
To protect the egg.
129
How is a sperm cell adapted to carry out its function (job)?
They have a streamlined shape, to help them swim.
They contain mitochondria to give energy to their tail.
They have a tail for movement.
They have a pointed head that can burrow into the egg.
130
What is the function (job) of a sperm cell?
To carry male genetic information.
To fertilise an egg.
131
How is a root hair cell adapted to carry out its function (job)?
It has a long, thin **_root hair_** which creates a large surface area for absorbing water and nutrients.
132
What is a specialised cell?
A cell that is adapted (has special features).
So that it can carry out a specific function (job).
133
What is the funciton of the fat stores in a human egg cell?
To provide energy for the developing embryo (early form of a baby)
134
What is the red pigment in red blood cells called that allows the cell to carry oxygen?
Haemoglobin
135
What is the function of a red blood cell?
They transport oxygen around the body.
136
How is a leaf cell adapted to carry out its function (job)?
It is long and thing which provides a big surface to capture sunlight.
It contains many chloroplasts which carry out photosynthesis.
137
Which type of specialised cell is this?
A nerve cell
138
What is the function (job) of a nerve cell?
To carry electrical impulses around the body.
139
What is the funciton of a root hair cell?
To help plants absorb nutrients and water from soil.
140
How are red blood cells adapted to carry out their function (job)?
They contain haemoglobin (red pigment) that joins with oxygen.
They have no nucleus so more room for oxygen.
They have a disklike shape to increase the surface area that oxygen can bind to.
141
Which type of specialised cell is shown below?
Root hair cell
142
Why do root hair cells not have chloroplasts like most plant cells?
Because they are underground - no light for them to carry out photosynthesis.
143
What is the function of a leaf cell?
To carry out photosynthesis and make food for the plant.
144
Where does water go when it enters a cell?
It enters the vacuole and makes the cell rigid.
145
What is the equation for respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen --\> Energy + CO2 + H2O
146
What do we call the chemical reaction that happens in our cells (in mitochondria) that releases energy?
Respiration
147
Glucose is a type of...
Sugar
148
How are glucose and oxygen transported around the body?
By the blood
149
Which nutrient found in food gives us energy?
Glucose
150
How does water move into root hair cells?
By diffusion
151
What will happen to a plant if they do not get enough water?
They **_wilt_** (go floppy)
152
How does carbon dioxide and glucose enter cells?
By the process of **_diffusion_**
153
What is the useful product of respiration?
Energy
154
What are the waste products of respiration?
Carbon Dioxide
Water
155
What is diffusion?
The **_net movement**_ of substances from a _**high concentration**_ to a _**low concentration**_ until they are at _**equilibrium_**.
156
What does **_equilibrium_** mean?
evenly spread out
157
Where does respiration happen?
Inside the mitochondria
158
Identify the missing label from the euglena
159
Idenitfy the missing label on the amoeba.
160
Identify the missing label from the euglena
161
Identify the missing label from the euglena
162
What do amoebas eat?
Bacteria, algae, plant cells.
163
Give 2 examples of unicellular organisms.
Amoeba
Euglena
164
What is the name of the process by which euglena and amoebas reproduce?
BINARY FISSION
165
Idenitfy the missing label on the amoeba.
166
What is the function of the eye spot of a euglena?
It detects light
167
Idenitfy the missing label on the amoeba.
168
How is the euglena adapted to get its energy?
It has chloroplasts to do photosynthesis
It has an eye spot to detect light
It has a flagellum to move towards light.
169
Idenitfy the missing label on the amoeba.
170
How do amoeba and euglena reproduce?
1. Start with parent cell.
2. Nucleus divides
3. Cytoplasm divides
4. Two daughter cells form
171
What is an organism?
Any living thing e.g. plant, animal etc.
172
Identify the missing label from the euglena
173
What is a unicellular organism?
An organism that is made from just one cell
174
How do amoebas move around?
They stretch out part of their body (pseudopod)
And the rest of their body follows.
175
What does the diagram show?
A euglena
176
What is this a diagram of?
An amoeba
177
Identify the missing label from the euglena
178
Idenitfy the missing label on the amoeba.
179
What is the function of the flagellum of a euglena?
It is a tail that allows the euglena to move around
180
What is the funciton of the following organ: intestines
Absorbs nutrients from food
181
What is the function of the respiratory system?
takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide (gas exchange)
182
Identify the organ.
183
List 3 examples of organ systems.
Circulatory system
Respiratory system
Reproductive system
Skeletal system
Urinary system
Nervous system
Digestive system
184
What is the funciton of the following organ: stomach
digests food
185
What is the function (job) of the circulatory system?
transports materials around the body in the blood.
186
Identify the organ.
187
Multicellular organisms have 5 levels of organisation.
List the levels in order of complexity (least complex first)
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism
188
What is the funciton of the following organ: lungs
Take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide (gas exchange)
189
Many nerve cells joined together make a....
Nerve tissue
190
Identify 3 plant organs
Leaf - absorbs light for photosynthesis
Stem - holds plant upright
Root - anchors plant into ground and takes in water/minerals.
191
List 3 examples of specialised cells.
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Ciliated epithelial cell
Root hair cell
White blood cell
Muscle cell
192
What is an organ?
An organ is a gorup of tissues that work together to perform a certain function.
E.g. the digestive system contains many organs to digest food.
193
What is a tissue?
A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function (job).
e.g. muscle tissue - contracts to allow movement.
194
What is the funciton of the following organ: brain
controls the body
195
What is the funciton of nerve tissue?
To transmit messages around the body.
196
Many muscle cells joined together make a....
Muscle tissue
197
Identify the organ.
198
Identify the organ.
199
What is the funciton of the following organ: bladder
stores urine
200
Identify the organ.
201
What is the funciton of the following organ: liver
Removes toxins (poisons) from the blood
Produces bile to help digestion
202
Many root hair cells joined together make
root tissue
203
What is meant by a specialised cell?
A cell that has adapted speciali features to carry out a specific function (job).
e.g. sperm cell has a tail to swim to the egg
204
What is the funciton of the following organ: heart
pumps blood
205
What is the funciton of the following organ: kidneys
Filter blood
Produce urine
206
An organism made from many cells working together is called a...
Multicellular Organism
207
Identify the organ.
208
Identify the organ.
209
Identify the organ.
210
Identify the missing label.
211
Which gas do you breath in?
Oxygen
212
Identify the missing label.
213
What is the function of the ribcage?
To protect the heart and lungs
214
When air reaches the alveoli oxygen moves into the capillarise via the process of...
DIFFUSION
215
What is the name of the red pigment found in red blood cells that can bind to oxygen?
Haemoglobin
216
Which gas do you breathe out?
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
217
The process of breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide is called...
gas exchange
218
List the order of the parts of the lungs as air moves through them during inhalation.
Nose/Mouth
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Capillaries
Blood
219
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220
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Identify the missing label.
223
In which organ does gas exchange occur in the body?
Lungs
224
List 3 adaptations of the alveoli that increases the speed of gas exchange
Millions of alveoli provide a large surface area for gases to diffuse
Thin walls mean gases do not have to diffuse far into/out of blood.
Many capillaries mean more gas can diffuse into blood
225
What happens to the volume of the lungs when you are breathing out?
It decreases
226
Which muscles relax during exhalation
Intercostal (rib) muscles
Diaphragm
227
Inhalation means...
breathing in
228
The scinetific term for breathing is...
ventilation
229
Which muscle contract during inhalation?
Intercostal (rib) muscles
Diaphragm
230
What happens to the volume of the lungs when you are breathing in?
It increases
231
Exhalation means...
breathing out
232
What happens to the intercostal muscles when they relax?
They move the ribcage down and in
233
What happens to the intercostal muscles when they contract?
The move the ribcage up and out
234
What happens to the pressure in your lungs, causing you to breath in during inhalation?
It decreases
235
What happens to the diaphragm when it contracts?
It flattens (moves down)
236
What happens to the diaphragm when it relaxes?
It moves up
237
Do muscles contract or relax when you breath out?
Relax
238
Do muscles contract or relax when you breath in?
Contract
239
What happens to the pressure in your lungs, causing you to breath out during exhalation?
It increases
240
Compare what happens in the lungs when a human breathes in and out.
1. Ribcage moves up when we breathe in and
2. moves down when we breathe out.
3. Diaphragm moves down/contracts when we breathe in
4. and moves up/relaxes when we breathe out.
5. Chest volume increases when we breathe in
6. and decreases down when we breathe out.
241
What is the function (job) of bone marrow?
To make blood cells
242
All of the bones together in your body make up your...
Skeleton
243
Identify the missing label
244
What are the 4 functions of the human skeleton?
1. Supports the body
2. Protects vital organs
3. Helps the body to move
4. Makes blod cells
245
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246
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248
Which bone protects your brain?
Skull
249
Which bones protect your spinal cord?
Back bone (vertebral column)
250
Which bones protect your heart and lungs?
Ribcage
251
Are the bones of your body living tissue?
Yes
252
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253
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254
What is found in the middle of bones?
Bone marrow
255
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261
Which mineral makes bones strong?
Calcium (Ca)
262
Identify the missing label
263
Describe the movement of a fixed joint.
Cannot move in any direction.
264
The bones of a joint are held together by...
ligaments
265
Describe a ball and socket joint's movement.
Can move in all directions.
266
Identify the structures of the knee joint.
267
Identify the structures of the knee joint.
268
Describe a hinge joint.
Can only move backwards and forwards.
269
Identify the structures of the knee joint.
270
What is a joint?
A point at which 2 or more bones meet.
271
What stops the bone in your joints wearing away?
Smooth cartilage and slippery fluid.
272
Idenitfy the 3 types of joint.
Hinge joint
Fixed joint
Ball and Socket joint
273
Identify the structures of the knee joint.
274
Identify the structures of the knee joint.
275
What do tricep muscles do?
Bend the arms down (straight)
276
When a muscle contract is gets...
shorter
277
Identify the muscles in the arms
Biceps (on top)
Triceps (on bottom)
278
When a muscle relaxes it gets...
longer
279
The pairs of muscles in a hinge joint work in opposite directions. What is the scientific term for this type of muscle pair?
Antagonistic pairs
280
What do bicep muscles do?
Bend the arms up
281
Can muscles push?
No they can only pull.
282
What type of muscle is your heart made from?
Cardiac muscle
283
Muscles are attached to bones by...
tendons
284
What is adolescence?
The time in your life where you change from a child into an adult.
285
The body goes through 2 types of change during adolescence. These are...
1. Physical changes2. Emotional changes
286
The physical changes of adolescence are called...
puberty
287
What is puberty
The physical changes of adolescence.
288
During which age range does puberty usually occur in most people?
9-14
289
Why does puberty need to happen?
The reproductive system needs to develop so that the person can have children if they choose to.
290
List 4 changes that happen to girls AND boys during puberty.
1. Pubic hair and underarm hair grows.2. Body smell becomes stronger.3. Emotional changes occur.4. Growth spurt
291
List 4 changes that happen only to girls during puberty.
1. Breasts develop2. Ovaries start to release eggs3. Periods start4. Hips widen
292
List 5 changes that happen only to boys during puberty.
1. Voice breaks (gets deeper)2. Testes and penis get bigger3. Testes start to produce sperm4. Shoulders widen5. Hair grows on face and chest
293
What causes puberty to happen?
Sex hormones are released from the ovaries or testes which act as chemical messengers.These hormones trigger physical changes.
294
Where are male sex hormones made?
In the testes
295
Where are female sex hormones made?
In the ovaries
296
How do hormones travel around the body?
In the bloodstream
297
Identify the missing label:
298
Can semen and urine exit the penis at the same time?
No
299
What is the function of the uterus?
this is where a baby develops until it is born.
300
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301
What is the function of the scrotum?
A bag of skin that carries the testes
302
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303
What is the function of the cervix?
A ring of muscle at the entrance to the uterus.
It keeps the baby in place whillst the mother is pregnant.
304
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305
What is the function of the vagina?
Receives sperm during sexual intercourse.
This is where a male's penis enters the females body.
306
What is the function of the female reproductive system?
To produce egg cells.
To grow a baby.
307
What is the function of the oviducts?
They carry an egg to the uterus.
308
Identify the missing label:
309
What is the function of the penis?
To carry semen out of the body and release it into a female.
310
What is the function of the sperm ducts?
They carry sperm from the testes to the penis.
311
Whhat is the function of the ovaries?
They contain egg cells.
312
What is the function of the glands?
They produce nutrient fluids to help keep sperm alive.
313
What is the function of the male reproductive system?
To produce sperm and release it inside a female
314
Identify the missing label:
315
Identify the missing label:
316
What is the function of the urethra?
A tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body.
317
Identify the missing label:
318
A mixture of sperm and fluid from the glands is called...
Semen
319
Identify the missing label:
320
How is the penis able to enter the vagina?
It swells with blood and stiffens.
This is known as an erection.
321
Identify the missing label:
322
What is the funciton of the testes?
they produce sperm cells and the male sex hormone
323
Identify the missing label:
324
Identify the missing label:
325
Identify the missing label:
326
Identify the missing label:
327
What is the scientific term for reproductive cells (egg and sperm cells)?
Gametes
328
The male gametes are...
Sperm cells
329
The female gamete is the
Egg cell (Ovum)
330
When an egg and sperm cell join together, we call it...
fertilisation
331
The oviducts are lined with cells lined with small hair like structures called...
cilia
332
What is the function of the cilia that line the oviducts?
They waft the egg released by the ovary along to the uterus.
333
What happens during sexual intercourse?
1. The man's penis fills with blood and becomes erect.2. The woman's vagina become moist to allow the penis to enter.3. The man moves his penis back and forth in the vagina.4. This stimulate the release of semen into the vagina.
334
When sperm is released from the penis it is called...
ejaculation
335
What happens after sperm enters the vagina?
1. Sperm swim towards the uterus.2. They then swim towards the oviduct.3. If a sperm cell meets an egg there, fertilisation can happen.
336
What happens after fertilisation?
1. The fertilised egg divides into a ball of cells called an embryo.2. The embryo attaches to the lining of the uterus and begins to develop into a baby. This is called implantation.
337
How often is an egg released from an ovary?
Once a month
338
Describe what happens during birth.
1. The mothers cervix relaxes.
2. The muscles in the wall of the uterus contract.
3. This pushes the baby out through the vagina.
339
What is the scientific name for an egg that has been fertilised?
A zygote
340
What is the function of the umbilical cord?
It connects the fetus to the placenta.
341
What happens in the 9th week of pregnancy?
Fetus can move
Lips and cheeks sense touch
Eyes and ears are forming.
342
In mammals, the time spent in the uterus during development is called...
gestation
343
What effect can smoking have on an unborn baby?
Premature birth
Low birth weight
344
What is the function of the fluid sac (amniotic sac)?
It acts as a shock absorber, protecting the fetus from any bumps.
345
Identify the missing labels:
346
What happens in the 1st week of pregnancy?
Cells of the embryo begin to specialise (do specific jobs)
347
Identify the missing labels:
348
What is the function of a placenta?
1. An organ where substance pass between the mother's blood and the fetus's blood.
2. It acts as a barrier, which stops infections and harmful substances reaching the fetus.
349
What happens in the 4th week of pregnancy?
Spine and brian are forming and heart is beating.
350
Identify the missing labels:
351
What effect can alcohol have on an unborn baby?
Poor brain development
352
What happens in the 12th week of pregnancy?
Fetus can kick, suck, swallow and practise breathing.
353
Identify the missing labels:
354
Identify the missing labels:
355
After 8 weeks of growth an embryo is called a...
fetus
356
How long is the human gestation period?
9 months (40 weeks)
357
Does the blood of mother and fetus mix when it is developing in the uterus?
NO - but useful substances like nutrients and oxygen can pass from mother to baby through the placenta.
358
When a fertilised egg (zygote) divides into a ball of cells, we call the ball of cells an...
embryo
359
Identify the missing labels:
360
What 3 things do midwives advise pregnant woman to do?
1. Eat a healthy diet
2. Do not smoke
3. Do not drink alcohol
361
Define the menstrual cycle.
1. The monthly release of an egg from a woman's ovaries.2. The monthly build up and breakdown of the lining of the uterus.
362
How long does a period usually last?
3-7 days
363
The female reproductive system works in a sequence called...
the menstrual cycle
364
The menstrual cycle lasts for...
28 days (approximately)
365
The menstrual cycle is controlled by...
hormones
366
What happens on day 1 of the menstrual cycle?
Bleeding as the lining of the uterus breaks down.
367
What happens on day 5 of the menstrual cycle?
Bleeding usually stops and the lining of the uterus starts to regrow.
368
What is the function of the uterus lining?
To provide a spongy, blood rich layer for embryo implantation.
369
What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?
Ovulation - an egg is released from one of the ovaries.
370
What happens if a sperm cell does not meet the egg after ovulation has happened?
The lining of the uterus breaks down and the menstrual cycle starts again from day 1.
371
What is contraception?
Where steps are taken to avoid becoming pregnant.
372
The 2 most common forms of contraception are:
1. Condoms2. The contraceptive pill
373
Condoms are a 'barrier method' of contraception. What does this mean?
It prevents sperm reaching the egg.
374
What can condoms do that the contraceptive pill cannot?
Protect against STIs (sexually transmitted infections).
375
What does the contraceptive pill contain?
Hormones
376
How does the contraceptive pill work?
It contains hormones, which stop ovulation happening, which prevents pregnancy.
377
What does the contraceptive pill NOT do?
Protect against STIs (sexually transmitted infections)
378
Identify the missing label:
379
If pollen from a flower pollinates a different flower we call it...
cross pollination
380
Identify the missing label:
381
What is the function of the anther?
it produces pollen
382
Why are flower petals usually bright colours?
To attract insects/pollinators to them.
383
Thew female reproductive parts of a flower are called the...
carpel
384
Identify the missing label:
385
Identify the missing label:
386
What is the function of the style?
It holds up the stigma
387
Name the two methods by which plants can be pollinated.
By wind
By insects/animals
388
If pollen from a flower pollinates its own stimga we call it...
self pollination
389
Identify the missing label:
390
When pollen is transferred to the stigma it is called...
Pollination
391
Identify the missing label:
392
What is the female gamete in a flowering plant?
Ovules
393
Describe the flowers of wind-pollinated plants.
1. Small dull petals.
2. No nectar.
3. Large amounts of pollen made.
4. Pollen is very light.
5. Anthers dangle out of plant to make easy for pollen to escape.
6. Stigma hangs out of plant so can catch pollen easier.
394
Describe the flowers of a plant that is fertilised by insects.
1. Brightly coloured, sweet smelling petals to attract insects.
2. Some flowers make nectar which bees use to make honey.
3. Small amounts of pollen are produced.
4. Pollen is spiky so sticks to insects.
5. Anther and stigmas are held firmly in flowers so insects can rub against them.
6. Stigma has a sticky coating, so pollen sticks to it.
395
Identify the missing label:
396
What is the male gamete in a flowering plant?
Pollen
397
What is the function of the stimga?
It is the sticky part of the carpel that cathes grains of pollen.
398
Identify the missing label:
399
Identify the missing label:
400
Identify the missing label:
401
The male reproductive parts of a flower are called the...
stamen
402
What is the function of the filament?
It holds up the anther.
403
What is the function of the ovary?
It contains the ovules (female gametes)
404
When the nucleus of a pollen grain and ovule fuse together we call it...
Fertilisation
405
Describe how fertilisation, in flowering plants, leads to the formation of a fruit containing seeds.
1. Pollen grain lands on stigma.2. Tube grows from pollen grain down through style.3. The pollen nucleus moves down the tube.4. The pollen nucleus joins with the ovule nucleus (fertilisation).5. A fruit containing seeds will then form.
406
Which part of a flowering plant turns into a fruit after fertilisation has happened?
The ovary.
407
Which part of a flowering plant turns into the seeds after fertilisation has happened?
Ovules
408
Which 3 parts do all seeds have?
1. A seed coat.2. An embryo3. A food store (starch)
409
What is the function of the seed coat of a seed?
It protects the seed.
410
What is the function of the food store of a seed?
It provides food to the plant embryo before it starts to do photosynthesis.
411
What do we call it when a seed first starts to grow?
Germination.
412
What does a seed need to germinate?
1. Water2. Warmth3. Oxygen
413
Why does a seed need water to germinate?
It makes the seed swell up, breaks the seed coat and allows the embryo to start growing.
414
Why does a seed need warmth to germinate?
Warmth speeds up the chemical reactions happening in the seed.
415
Why does a seed need oxygen to germinate?
To allow the seed to do respiration (produce energy)
416
Describe the steps involved when a seed starts to germinate and grow.
1. The seed rapidly absorbs water which causes seed coat to split.2. The roots grow down and the shoot grows up.3. The first leaves start to appear so the plant makes its own food via photosynthesis.4. More leaves start to appear and the plant uses photosynthesis to meet all of its energy demands.
417
What is meant by seed dispersal?
When seeds are released away from the parent plant and each other.
418
Why are seeds dispersed?
1. To provide more space for growth.2. So that the seedlings do not compete for resources.
419
Which resources do plants compete for?
1. Light2. Water3. Nutrients in soil
420
The 4 methods of seed dispersal are...
1. Wind2. Animal3. Water4. Explosive
421
Describe some of the features of seeds that are dispersed by wind.
1. Small mass2. Extensions that act as parachutes or wings.
422
Give 2 examples of plants that disperse their seeds using the wind.
1. Dandelions2. Sycamore trees
423
Animals can disperse seeds in 2 ways. These are...
1. Internally2. Externally
424
Describe the seeds of a plant that are dispersed by water.
1. Low mass2. Waterproof
425
Give an example of a plant whose seeds are dispersed by water.
1. Coconut trees2. Willow trees
426
Some fruits burst open when they are ripe, releasing their seeds in all directions. Give an example of plant that does this.
1. Cucumbers2. Himalayan balsam3. Pea plants
427
Can you compress a solid?
No
428
What is a substance?
Something that is made from just one type of particle e.g. gold is a substance made from gold particles.
429
Does a solid have a 'fixed shape'?
YES
430
Can you see the particles that make up materials?
No - they are too small to see.
431
Can you compress a gas?
Yes - because its particles are far apart
432
What is meant by the properties of a material?
The features of the material e.g. is it strong
433
Identify the 3 states of matter.
Solid
Liquid
Gas
434
Does a liquid have a fixed shape?
No - liquids can take the shape of the container that they are poured into.
435
Does a liquid flow? (can it be poured?)
Yes- because its particles can roll around each other.
436
Describe the particles in a solid.
Neatly arranged
Vibrating
All touching
437
What is a mixture?
A mixture is something that is made from lots of different types of particles e.g. air is a mixture of different particles.
438
Which state is shown below?
Liquid
439
Does a gas flow? (can it be poured?)
Yes - because gas particles are free to move around
440
Which state is shown below?
Gas
441
Does a gas have a fixed shape?
No - they can take the shape of the container that they are in e.g. a balloon
442
Does a solid flow? (can it be poured?)
No
443
What is **_matter_**?
The 'stuff' that everything is made from.
444
We say that all materials are made from tiny pieces called...
particles
445
Describe the particles in a liquid.
Randomly arranged
Rolling around one another
Touching
446
Which state is shown below?
Solid
447
Describe the particles in a gas.
Randomly arranged
Moving around
Not touching
448
Can you compress a liquid?
No - its particles are too close together.
449
What is meant by a state?
Whether something is a solid, liquid or gas.
450
Melting and freezing are both examples of...
changes of state
451
You are given 3 unknown solids.
Describe how you could identify the substances by using their melting points.
Heat each substance until they melt and record their melting points.
Look up the melting points of different solids on the internet.
Compare your melting point to the ones from the internet to identify the substance.
452
When a substance changes from a liquid to a solid we call it...
freezing
453
When a substance changes from a solid to a liquid we call it...
melting
454
What is meant by the **_melting point_** of a substance?
The temperature that a substance begins to melt at.
455
What temperature does ice begin to melt at?
0 °C
456
Describe what happens to water paricles when an ice cube melts.
1. Water particles in ice are close and neatly arranged.
2. The particles vibrate on the spot.
3. As the particles in ice gain energy, they vibrate more and more.
4. This happens until eventually they break away from their neat arrangement. This is called melting.
5. The particles start to move about as a liquid.
457
After how many minutes does the substance below begin to boil?
5 minutes
458
You are given 3 unknown substances.
Describe how you could use boiling points to identify the substances.
Heat each substance until it boils and record the boiling point.
Look up a list of different substance boiling points on the internet.
Compare the unknown substance boiling points with your list from the internet.
459
What temperature does the substance below boil at?
100 ºC
460
What do we call it when a gas turns into a liquid?
Condensation
461
What is boiling?
When a substance is changing from a liquid to a gas state
462
How do we make a substance boil?
We need to give enough **_thermal energy_** (heat) to its particles.
463
If the temperature of a gas falls below its boiling point, what will happen?
It will condense back into a liquid
464
What is evaporation?
When some particles in a liquid gain enough energy to escape from its surface. This is different to boiling!
465
What is the difference between boiling and evaporation?
Evaporation happens at any temperature boiling happens only at the boiling point.
Evaporation is where particles escape from the **_surface_** of a liquid, boiling is where gas bubbles form **_throughout_** the liquid , rise and then escape,
466
Use ideas about particles and evaporation to explain why sweating cools you down.
1. Sweat comes out of the pores in your skin.
2. Water from the sweat evaporates.
3. The water particles need energy to move away as a gas.
4. They take this energy from your skin, which cools you down.
467
Describe what happens to particles of water when it boils.
1. Bubbles of steam form throughout the liquid.
2. In the bubbles particles are spread out.
3. In the liquid, water particles touch their neighbours.
4. As water boils, the steam bubbles rise to the surface of the liquid.
5. The steam bubbles escape into the air.
6. The steam particles mix with the air particles.
468
A beaker of water is completely boiled into steam.
Is the number of water particles before and after boiling the same?
Yes - the number of particles are **_conserved_** (the same)
469
The temperature that substances will boil at is called the...
boiling point
470
What is meant by **_equilibrium_**?
Evenly spread
471
What is meant by a low concentration?
An area that contains few particles.
472
Big particles will diffuse more ______ than smaller particles.
slowly
473
High temperatures cause diffusion to happen...
faster
474
What is the definition of diffusion?
The **_net movement_** of particles from a **_high concentration to a low concentration_** until they are at **_equilibrium_**.
475
Low temperatures cause diffusion to happen...
slowly
476
What is meant by a high concentration?
An area that contains many particles.
477
Why can diffusion not happen in solids?
Because the particles in a solid are fixed in position.
478
Substances in which states can diffuse?
Liquids and gases - because their particles can move around.
479
What is meant by the **_net movement_** of particles?
The overall direction that particles move in.
480
What can affect the speed (rate) of diffusion?
1. Temperature
2. Particle size
3. The state of the substance
481
What happens to gas pressure if you decrease the temperature?
It decreases.
482
Why does gas pressure increase if you add more air particles to a sealed container?
Because there are more air parrticles colliding with the inside of the container.
483
What does the word 'collide' mean?
Crash into something
484
What happens to gas pressure if you increase the temperature?
It increases
485
Describe how air particles are behaving when they are inside a balloon?
They are flying around randomly.
They collide into each other.
They are colliding off the inside walls of the balloon.
486
When air particles collide off the inside walls of a balloon they exert a force. What do we call this force?
Gas Pressure
487
If you increase the number of air particles inside a fixed container, what happens to the gas pressure inside the container?
It increases
488
How can you protect against substances that are damaging to skin?
Wear gloves
Handle with care
489
How can you be safe when working around substances that are toxic?
Do not eat or drink anything in the lab
490
How do we calculate an **_average_** from a list of numbers?
Add the numbers together.
Divide them by how many numbers there are.
e.g. 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
6 divideded by 3 = **_2_**
491
Why do we repeat observations when doing an experiment?
To make our results more reliable and accurate
492
Why do we calculate an average result when doing an experiment?
To make the result more accurate
493
Identifty the chemical symbol: H
Hydrogen
494
Identifty the chemical symbol: B
Boron
495
Identifty the chemical symbol: Si
Silicon
496
Identifty the chemical symbol: Ne
Neon
497
Identify the only metal that is a liquid at room temperature.
Mercury (Hg)
498
Identifty the chemical symbol: O
Oxygen
499
Identify the 3 magnetic metals
Iron
Nickel
Cobalt
500
Identifty the chemical symbol: Hg
Mercury
501
What is an element?
A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances (a type of atom)
502
Identifty the chemical symbol: Lithium
Li
503
Identifty the chemical symbol: P
Phosphorous
504
Identifty the chemical symbol: K
Potassium
505
Identifty the chemical symbol: Na
Sodium
506
Identifty the chemical symbol: N
Nitrogen
507
Identifty the chemical symbol: C
Carbon
508
Identifty the chemical symbol: S
Sulfur
509
Identifty the chemical symbol: Fe
Iron
510
Identifty the chemical symbol: Ca
Calcium
511
What is a compound?
2 or more atoms of different elements strongly bonded together.
512
Identifty the chemical symbol: Ar
Argon
513
What is an atom?
The smallest part of an element that can exist
514
Identifty the chemical symbol: Cl
Chlorine
515
Identifty the chemical symbol: Be
Beryllium
516
Identifty the chemical symbol: Au
Gold
517
Identifty the chemical symbol: Ag
Silver
518
Why do some chemical symbols not contain the same letters as their element? e.g. Fe = iron
Because they are based on the elemtns latin name e.g.
Fe = Ferrum = Latin for Iron
519
Identifty the chemical symbol: Mg
Magnesium
520
Identifty the chemical symbol: F
Fluorine
521
What is a chemical symbol?
A one or two letter code for an element e.g. Mg = magnesium
522
Identifty the chemical symbol: Al
Aluminium
523
The periodic table is split into two regions called..
Metals
Non-metals
524
What are the rules for writing a chemical symbol?
Always start with a capital letter
If there are 2 letters, the seconds is lowercase.
525
Identifty the chemical symbol: He
Helium
526
Which images contain molecules?
A, B, C and D
527
What is a compound?
A substance made up of atoms of 2 or more elements.
528
What is a mixture?
A group of substances that **_are not_** chemically bonded together.
529
In which state are the substances shown in the diagrams?
Gas
530
Which images contain 1 type of molecule only and nothing else?
A, C and D
531
How are properties of the compound H2O (water) different to the properties of its elements?
H2 - hydrogen is a gas
O - oxygen is a gas
H2O - water is a liquid
532
Are the properties of a compound the same as the properties of the elements that make the compound?
No compounds have different properties compared to their elements.
533
Salt is a common compound. What is the chemical name for salt?
Sodium Chloride
| (NaCl)
534
Which image shows a compound made from 3 different types of element?
C
535
Which image shows a mixture?
B
536
Which images show compounds?
A and C
537
Compounds containing 2 elements always end in which suffix?
"ide"
e.g. sodium + chlorine --\> sodium chlor**_ide_**
538
What is a molecule?
When more than one atom is bonded together.
539
The diagram below shows some particles of a substance at room temperature.
Explain what the diagram tells you about the substance.
* The substance is made up of molecules.
* The substance is in the gas state at room temperature...
* ...since its molecules are separate from each other and randomly arranged.
* The substance is a compound...
* ...since it is made up of atoms of more than one element.
* One molecule of the substance is made up of one atom of one element and two atoms of another element.
540
Name the following compound:
CO2
Carbon dioxide
541
What does a chemical formula tell us?
the relative number of atoms of each element in a compound.
542
Name the following compound:
CO
Carbon monoxide
543
Identify the ratio of elements in the following compound:
Al2O3
Aluminium atoms 2: Oxygen atoms 3
544
What does the subscript tell us in a chemical formula? e.g. CO_2_
How many atoms of the element are present in a compound.
e.g. CO_2 _contains 2 oxygen atoms
545
Identify the ratio of elements in the following compound:
H2O
2 Hydrogen atoms: 1 Oxygen atom
546
Identify the ratio of elements in the following compound:
CO2
1 Carbon atom : 2 Oxygen atoms
547
Name the following compound:
Al2O3
Aluminium oxide
Al2O3
548
Name the following compound:
H2O
Water
549
All of the chemical symbols are organised into a table called...
the periodic table
550
Acids all taste...
sour
551
Alkalis all feel...
soapy
552
Vinegar, oranges and lemons all contain an acid or alkali?
Acid
553
Toothpaste, soap and bleach all contain an acid or alkali?
Alkali
554
What is the main hazard linked to acids?
They are corrosive (will burn your skin or eyes)
555
What safety precautions can we take when working with acids and alkalis?
Wear safety glassesWear gloves
556
Which acid is found in vinegar?
Ethanoic acid
557
Which acid is found in citrus fruits such as lemons and limes?
Citric acid
558
Which type of acid is found in your stomach?
Hydrochloric Acid
559
How can we dilute acids and alkalis?
By adding water to them
560
Which are more dangerous: concentrated acids and alkalis or dilute acids and alkalis?
Concentrated acids and alkalis
561
What is meant by a concentrated acid?
An acid that contains many more acid particles (H+) compared to water particles.
562
What is meant by a concentrated alkali?
An alkali that contains many more alkali particles (OH-) compared to water particles.
563
What is the scientific name for acid particles?
H+ (hydrogen ions)
564
What is the scientific name for alkali particles?
OH- (hydroxide ions)
565
What is an indicator?
Something that tells us if a substance is an acid or alkali.
566
How do indicators work?
They contain a dye which changes colour in acidic and alkaline conditions.
567
You add blue litmus paper to an unknown solution and it turns red.
You add red litmus paper to an unknown solution and it stays red.
The substance is...
Acidic
568
You add red litmus paper to an unknown solution and it turns blue.
You add blue litmus paper to an unknown solution and it stays blue.
The substance is...
Alkaline
569
You add blue litmus paper to an unknown solution and it stays blue.
You add red litmus paper to an unknown solution and it stays red.
The substance is...
Neutral
570
If you want to know exactly how acidic or alkaline a substance is then we use...
Universal Indicator
571
Describe a solution that turns universal indicators the following colours:
572
Describe a solution that turns universal indicators the following colours:
573
Describe a solution that turns universal indicators the following colours:
574
Describe a solution that turns universal indicators the following colours:
575
Describe a solution that turns universal indicators the following colours:
576
pH1 =
Strong acid
577
pH2 =
Strong acid
578
pH3=
Strong acid
579
pH4 =
Weak acid
580
pH5=
Weak acid
581
pH6=
Weak acid
582
pH7=
Neutral
583
pH8=
Weak alkali
584
pH9=
Weak alkali
585
pH10=
Weak alkali
586
pH11=
Strong alkali
587
pH12=
Strong alkali
588
pH13 =
Strong alkali
589
pH14=
Strong alkali
590
Give an example of useful n eutralisation reactions.
Toothpaste is alkaline to neutralise the acids produced by bacteria that cause acid erosion.
Indigestion tablets neutralised stomach acids to prevent heartburn/indigestion.
591
What type of reaction occurs when an acid reacts with an alkali?
Neutralisation reaction
592
What is a base?
-A substance that neutralises an acid
593
What is an alkali?
A substance that neutralises an acid.A base that is soluble (dissolves) in water.
594
Give 2 examples of bases.
Copper oxide (CuO)Calcium oxide (CaO)
595
Give an example of an alkali.
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
596
If an acid is added to an alkali does the pH increase or decrease?
Decrease
597
If an alkali is added to an acid does the pH increase or decrease?
Increase
598
A farmer wants to start growing sweetcorn on his farm. He has found out that sweetcorn grows best in soil with a pH value of 7.5. Explain how he can use knowledge of acids, alkalis, and neutralisation to find out the pH value of his soil to make sure he gets the best crop possible.
1. Use an indicator to determine the pH value of the soil.2. Add alkali to reduce the pH value if it is alkaline.3. Add acid to increase the pH value if it is too alkaline.4. Adding acid/alkali causes a neutralisation reaction and changes the pH value.5. The pH value will change over time due to weather/leeching into the surrounding soil/plant or animal waste.6. The pH value will need to be regularly monitored and adjusted.
599
Suggest how environmental organisations could calculate the amount of alkali needed to raise the pH of an acidic lake.
1. Measure pH of lake water.2. Select a suitable alkali that can be used to neutralise the pH.3. Carry out an investigation to find out the exact volume of alkali needed to neutralise the sample volume.4. Carry out a suitable number of repeats including from various locations to obtain an average pH/amount of alkali needed.
600
Acid + Alkali --\>
Salt + Water
601
Acid + Alkali --\>
Acid + Alkali --\> Salt + Water
602
Magnesium + Hydrochloric Acid --\>
Magnesium + Hydrochloric Acid --\> Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen
603
What is the chemical formula for Nitric Acid?
HNO3
604
What is the chemical formula for Sodium Chloride (table salt)?
NaCl
605
Acid + Base --\>
Acid + Base --\> Salt + Water
606
Explain the similarities and differences between the reactions of sulfuric acid, H2SO4, with copper and with copper oxide. You should use balanced equations as part of your explanation and make reference to why the products may be different.
1. Both will involve the H+ being displaced by the copper.
2. Both will form the salt copper sulfate, CuSO4.
3. Both would be exothermic changes.
4. H2SO4 + Cu → CuSO4 + H2O
5. H2SO4 + CuO → CuSO4+ H2
6. Copper oxide will react with sulphuric acid to produce water as oxygen is present and this joins with the 2H+ from the acid.
7. Copper produces hydrogen gas as there is no oxygen available to join with the H+ to form water.
8. A gas would be release when copper reacts, so this reaction would fizz, the reaction with copper oxide would not.
607
What is the chemical formula for Hydrochloric Acid
HCl
608
Sulfuric Acid produces which type of salt?
Sulfate salts (ending in SO4)
609
Metal + Acid --\>
Salt + Hydrogen
610
How can we test for hydrogen gas?
Collect the gas
Hold a lit splint next to it
Squeaky pop = hydrogen!
611
Hydrochloric Acid produces which type of salt?
Chloride salts (ending in 'Cl')
612
How can we make salts?
Metal + Acid
Acid + Alkali
Base + Alkali
613
H+ + OH- --\>
H+ + OH- --\> H2O
614
What is the chemical formula for Sulfuric Acid
H2SO4
615
Sulfuric Acid + Copper Oxide --\>
Sulfuric Acid + Copper Oxide --\> Copper Sulfate + Water
616
Nitric Acid produces which type of salt?
Nitrate salts (ending in NO3)
617
Zinc + Sulfuric Acid --\>
Zinc + Sulfuric Acid --\> Zinc Sulfate + Hydrogen
618
All forces are measure in...
Newtons (N)
619
List some examples of contact forces.
Friction
Air resistance
Reaciton force
Upthrust
620
Forces always come in pairs. What do we call these pairs?
Interaction pairs.
621
What is a force?
A push or a pull
622
Which force forms an interaction pair with weight?
The reaction force
623
The force of water pushing a boat up is called...
upthrust
624
A force that acts without touching is called a...
Non-contact force.
625
What do we use to measure a force?
Newtonmeter (force meter)
626
How do we show forces acting on an object?
We add 'force arrows' to it.
627
What effect can forces have on objects?
Change their shape (deform)
Change the direction the object moves in.
628
What do we call forces that act when you touch something?
A contact force.
629
List 3 non-contact forces.
Gravity
Magnetism
Electrostatic force
630
What is the scientific word for 'changing shape'?
Deform
631
Explain how the reaction force works.
1. The floor is a solid and made from particles.
2. Your weight pushed the particles together.
3. The bonds holding the particles together are compressed.
4. They push back to support you.
632
If you double the force on a spring you will _________ the length of the spring.
double
633
When a stetched string pulls back we call it...
tension
634
The force of the Earth pushing an upject up is called the...
reaction force.
635
The amount that a spring can stretch is called its...
extension
636
If you stretch a spring so long that it can no longer go back to its original size we say that the spring has reached its...
elastic limit
637
What is the scientific word for 'squash'?
Compress
638
If an object (e.g. a spring) doubles in length when you double the force on it we say that it obeys...
Hooke's Law
639
When are drag forces useful?
Parachutes use air resistance (a drag force) to slow down a fall.
640
Rough surfaces have ______ friction.
more
641
When is friction a bad thing?
Friction that wears down a bike chain.
Carpet burns
642
What is friction?
A force that acts when two force against each other.
Friction causes grip.
643
Smooth surfaces have _______ friciton.
less
644
How can you reduce drag forces?
Have a streamlined shape.
645
Name the two drag forces.
Air resistance
Water resistance
646
How can you reduce friction between 2 surfaces?
Use lubrication e.g. oil
647
When is friction a good thing?
Friction between your shoe and road to allow you to walk.
Friction between bike/car brakes and the wheels to allow you to stop.
648
What is weight?
The force that an object (or person) pushes into the Earth as a result of gravity.
649
The invisible regions around object that exert non-contact forces are called...
force fields
650
Why do yuo weigh less on the moon?
Because the moon has a smaller gravitational field strength.
651
You cannot have weight without...
gravity
652
What is the equation for calculating weight on any planet/moon?
Weight (N) = Mass (Kg) x Gravitational Field Strength (N/Kg)
653
What is mass?
The amount of 'stuff' that an object is made from.
654
Mass is measured in...
Kilograms (Kg)
655
What happens to the strength of a force field when you move away from it?
It weakens
656
Weight is measured in...
Newtons (N)
657
Is mass a force?
No
658
What are the names of the 3 types of force field?
Magnetic fields
Gravitational fields
Electrostatic force fields
659
Name the 3 non-contact forces.
Magnetism
Gravity
Electrostatic force
660
A person lying in bed has balanced forces acting on them (weight and reaction force). We say that the person is in...
equilibrium
661
If the forces acting on an object are balanced, we say that the object is in...
equilibrium
662
When forces acting on an object are the same size in opposite directions we say that they are...
balanced
663
If the engine force of a car is greater than the air resistance acting on it will the car speed up, slow down or travel at the same speed?
Speed up
664
If forces acting in opposite directions are not the same size, we say that they are...
unbalanced.
665
What is meant by the independent variable?
The thing in an experiment that I change
666
What is meant by the dependent variable in an experiment?
The thing I record
667
What is a hypothesis?
A possible explanation for an observation
668
Which direction does the x-axis on a graph travel?
across (horizontal)
669
Which direction doe the y-axis on a graph travel?
up (vertical)
670
Which column in a table does the independent variable go in?
The left column
671
Which column in a table does the dependent variable go in?
The right column
672
Which axis does the independent variable go on?
The x-axis
673
Which axis does the dependent variable go on?
Te y-axis
674
What should the title on a graph always start with?
A graph to show...
675
If a results table only contains numbers we draw which type of graph?
Line graph
676
If a results table contains words and numbers we draw which type of graph?
Bar chart
677
Describe a longitudinal wave.
The oscillaiton is parrallel to the direction of the wave.
678
A wave that has bounced off a barrier is called the...
reflected wave.
679
What is meant by the amplitude of a wave
The height of a peak or depth of a trough.
680
What is meant by the wavelength of a wave?
The distance between the same points on a wave e.g. distance between peaks.
681
The top of a wave is called the...
Peak or Crest
682
The bottom of a wave is called a...
Trough
683
What is meant by superposing waves?
When waves are put together
684
What is another word for vibration?
An oscillation
685
A wave that is travelling towards a barrier is called the...
incident wave
686
Identify the missing label on this longitudinal wave.
Compressions
687
Describe a transverse wave.
The oscillation moves 90° to the direction of the wave
688
What do we call it when a wave bounces off a surface or barrier?
Reflection
689
What is another word for an oscillation?
A vibration
690
What 2 things can happen when waves are put together? (superposed)
They cancel out
They add together
691
Identify the 2 types of wave.
Transverse Wave
Longitudinal Wave
692
What can waves transfer?
Energy
Information
693
What is a wave in science?
A vibration (oscillation)
694
What is meant by the frequency of a wave?
The number of waves per second
695
Identify the missing label on this longitudinal wave.
Rarefactions
696
Which is faster? Sound or light?
Light
697
What is a vacuum?
Empty space (no particles at all)
698
Does sound eventually disappear?
No it spreads out as it moves away from the source.
699
Which medium does sound travel through the slowest?
Air, because the particles are furthest apart.
700
What is meant by a medium?
A solid/liquid/gas that sound travels through
701
Sound is a type of...
energy
702
How is sound able to travel through a medium?
Particles oscillate into nearby particles and pass the oscillations along.
703
How is sound generated?
By vibrations (oscillations)
704
Thunder and lightening happen at the same time. Why do we see the lightning before we hear the thunder?
The light from the lightning travels faster than the sound of thunder.
705
Sound requires a m\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to travel through
medium
706
Which medium is sound able to travel fastest through?
Solids because the particles are closest together
707
What is the speed of sound in air?
340 m/s
708
Which wave has a biggest amplitude? A or B?
Wave A
709
What are the units of frequency?
Hertz (Hz)
or
Kilohert (KHz)
710
A quiet sound has a small...
amplitude
711
The _________ of a wave will decide the pitch.
frequency
712
1 KHz = how many Hertz?
1 KHz = 1000 Hz
713
What is meant by the pitch of a sound?
How high or low its note sounds
714
Frequencies above 20000 Hz are called...
ultrasound
715
Which wave would sound low pitched? A or B?
Wave B
716
A high frequency results in what type of sound?
A high pitched sound
717
Which wave has the smallest amplitude? A or B?
Wave B
718
Which sound would be louder? A or B?
Wave A
719
A loud sound has a big \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
amplitude
720
Which wave would sound high pitched? A or B?
Wave A
721
What do we call the range of frquencies that you can hear?
Audible range
722
How do we calculate the range?
Biggest value - smallest value = range
723
Which wave has the highest frequency A or B?
Wave A
724
Which wave has the lowest frequency? A or B?
Wave B
725
Frequencies below 20 Hz are called...
infrasound
726
A low frequency wave results in a...
low pitched sound
727
What range of frequencies can humans hear?
20-20000 Hz
728
The pitch of a sound depends on the _________ of its wave.
frequency
729
Identify the missing label on this diagram of the ear.
730
The units of sound loudness is...
Decibels (dB)
731
Identify the missing label on this diagram of the ear.
732
Identify the missing label on this diagram of the ear.
733
Identify the missing label on this diagram of the ear.
734
Which part of the ear directs sound into the ear?
The pinna
735
Identify the missing label on this diagram of the ear.
736
What does the cochlea contain?
Liquid and tiny hairs that detect vibrations caused by sound
737
Identify the missing label on this diagram of the ear.
738
What is the function (job) of the ossicles?
To amplify sound that enters the ears (make louder)
739
What is the function (job) of the semi-circular canals?
They help you to balance
740
How can loud sounds damage hearing?
They can paralyse the tiny hairs in the cochlea which are responsible for converting sound into electrical signals that travel to the brain.
741
What is the function of the auditory nerve?
To carry electrical signals from the ear to the brain which are interpreted as sound.
742
Identify the missing label on this diagram of the ear.
743
What is an echo?
Where a sound reflects off a surface and is detected by the ears.
744
Why is there a delay between making a sound and hearing an echo?
It takes sound time to travel.
745
What is the equation for calculating distance using echoes?
Distance = (Speed of Sound x Delay Time) ÷ 2
746
What do we call it when lots of echoes combine?
Reverberation
747
How can you reduce the effect of echoes?
By putting soft materials on the walls.
By putting down carpets on the floor.
748
What is ultrasound?
Sound with a frequency greater than 20 000 Hz
749
List some functions of ultrasound.
* Bats/dolphins use ultrasound for echolocation.
* Ships use ultrasound to detect the depth of the ocean floor.
* Doctors use it to create images of unborn babies.
