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CSEC PHYSICS > P1: Thermal Physics > Flashcards

P1: Thermal Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

Evaporation

A

It is the escape of the more energetic particles and occurs constantly on the surface of liquids

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2
Q

Thermistor thermometer

A

It contains a material that becomes a better electrical conductor when the temperature rises (semi-conductor). So when temperature increases, a higher current flows from a battery, causing a higher reading on the meter

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3
Q

Liquid in glass thermometer

A

In this thermometer, As temperature rises or falls, the liquid (mercury or alcohol) expands or contracts. Amount of expansion can be matched to temperature on a scale.

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4
Q

Thermocouple thermometer

A

In this thermometer, The probe contains 2 different metals joined metals to form 2 junctions. The temperature difference causes a tiny voltage which makes a current flow. A greater temperature difference gives a greater current. Thermocouple thermometers are used for high temperatures

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5
Q

Sensitivity

A

The change occurring on a scale with respect to the physical change of the quantity measured.

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6
Q

Range

A

The interval between the upper and lower fixed points on any scale

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7
Q

Linearity

A

When intervals on a scale is the same throughout.

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8
Q

Responsiveness

A

How long it takes for the thermometer to react to a change in temperature

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9
Q

Melting point

A

This is when a solid turns into a liquid. Temperature increases thus kinetic energy in solid increases and particles vibrate more rapidly but there is no increase in temperature of the substance when melting because thermal energy supplied is instead being used to overcome the forces of attraction between particles of the solid thus turning it into a liquid

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10
Q

Boiling point

A

This is when a liquid turns into a gas. Energy is supplied thus internal kinetic energy of the molecules in the liquid increases and particles vibrate more rapidly but there is no increase in temperature of the substance

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11
Q

Latent Heat of Fusion

A

This is the heat needed to change a mass of 1 kg the substance from a solid at its melting point into liquid at the same temperature

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12
Q

Condensation

A

Is when a gas turns back into a liquid

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13
Q

Solidification

A

The change of a liquid or gas to solid

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14
Q

Insulators

A

Are used to reduce the amount of heat lost to the surroundings

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15
Q

Conduction

A

Is the flow of heat through

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16
Q

Convection

A

Is the flow of heat through a fluid from places of higher temperature in places of lower temperature by movement of the fluid itself

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17
Q

Radiation

A

Is the flow of heat from one place to another by means of electromagnetic waves

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18
Q

Thermal radiation

A

Is mainly infra-red waves, but very hot objects also give out light waves. Infra-red radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum

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19
Q

Emitter

A

Sends out thermal radiation

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20
Q

Reflector

A

Reflects thermal radiation, therefore is a bad absorber

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21
Q

Solar panel

A

The sun’s thermal radiation is absorbed by a matt black surface and warms up the pipes containing water

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22
Q

Kelvin

A

Temperature scale based on average kinetic energy of particles. Lowest possible temperature is 0 K.

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23
Q

Celsius

A

Temperature scale based on freezing and boiling points of water.

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24
Q

kinetic particle model

A

All matter is made atoms in constant motion.

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25
Q

Solid

A

Particles vibrate, and are held in position by strong attractive and repulsive forces.

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26
Q

Liquid

A

Particles have more freedom to move than those in a solid.

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27
Q

Gas

A

Particles are in constant random motion.

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28
Q

Heat

A

Thermal energy that is transferred from one substance to another.

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29
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy that particles have due to their motion.

30
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy stored due to an object’s position or arrangement

31
Q

Internal Energy

A

The total of all kinetic and potential energy of every particle in a substance.

32
Q

Kelvin-Celsius conversion

A

0 K= -273 ℃ or 0 ℃ = 273 K

33
Q

Absolute zero (0 K)

A

The temperature of a substance in which the kinetic energy of all particles is zero.

34
Q

Specific heat capacity (c)

A

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K.

35
Q

Latent Heat

A

Energy required to completely change the phase (state) of a substance.

36
Q

Vaporisation

A

Change of phase from liquid to gas that occurs at the boiling point of the liquid.

37
Q

Thermal conductor

A

A material that transfers thermal energy easily.

38
Q

Thermal Insulator

A

A material that does not transfer thermal energy easily.

39
Q

Convection

A

Method of heat transfer that involves convection currents.

40
Q

Radiation

A

Transfer of energy (electromagnetic radiation) without the movement of any particles.

41
Q

Greenhouse Effect

A

Incoming solar radiation warms the earth.

42
Q

Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

A

Additional warming of the Earth due to extra greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (put there by human activity).

43
Q

When a solid is heated, the particles of the solid

A

vibrate

44
Q

The best material for absorbing infra-red radiation

A

black, matt

45
Q

The best material for emitting infra-red radiation is

A

black, matt

46
Q

The best material for reflecting infra-red radiation is

A

light, shiny

47
Q

The worst material for absorbing and emitting infra-red radiation is

A

light, shiny

48
Q

Objects that emit the most infra-red radiation have

A

higher temperatures

49
Q

Metals contain these and they make them better conductors of heat

A

free electrons

50
Q

Efficiency

A

percentage of energy that is transferred usefully

51
Q

Wasted energy

A

dissipates and heats up the surroundings

52
Q

Rate of heating or cooling can be increased by

A

Greater surface area, darker, duller surfaces, using conductors not insulators, greater temperature difference

53
Q

During condensation particles

A

transfer energy to the surface, and move closer together

54
Q

Particles with strongest forces

A

solid

55
Q

Particles with weakest forces

A

gas

56
Q

Radiation

A

when heat travels as invisible infra-red waves

57
Q

What is *thermal* energy?

A

Another phrase for *internal* energy

58
Q

Molecules within a solid

A

-Held to each other by *electrostatic forces* (due to electrical charges of sub-atomic molecules)

59
Q

Heating a solid

A

-Heat energy supplied *increases kinetic energy* of the molecules

60
Q

Effect of increasing internal energy on the molecules

A

Increases their *kinetic* and/or *potential* energy associated with *random motion* and their *position*

61
Q

Specific heat capacity of a substance (c) definition

A

*Energy* needed to raise temp. of *unit mass* of the substance by *1K* *without* change of state

62
Q

Measurement of the *specific heat capacity* of a metal

A

Block (known mass) of metal in *insulated container*

63
Q

Measurement of the *specific heat capacity* of a liquid

A

Known mass of liquid in *insulated calorimeter*

64
Q

Latent heat of fusion

A

Energy needed to change the state of a *solid* to a liquid (and vice versa) *without* change of temperature

65
Q

Latent heat vaporisation

A

Energy needed to change the state of a *liquid* to a gas (and vice versa) *without* change of temperature

66
Q

*Specific* latent heat of fusion

A

Energy needed to change the state of a *solid* of *UNIT MASS* to a liquid (and vice versa) *without* change of temperature

67
Q

*Specific* latent heat of vaporisation

A

Energy needed to change the state of a *liquid* of *UNIT MASS* to a gas (and vice versa) *without* change of temperature

68
Q

Latent heat equation

A

Q = ml (l is specific latent heat of fusion/vaporisation)

69
Q

What is Charles Law?

A

The Volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its temperature in kelvin if the pressure is kept constant

70
Q
A
71
Q

What is Boyles law?

A

The volume of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure if the temperature is kept Constant

PV =constant

P1V1 = P2V2

72
Q

What is the Pressure law?

A

The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to the temperature in kelvin when the volume is kept constant

CSEC PHYSICS (11 decks)

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