P1: The development of Imperialism Flashcards
What were some of the main resources traded from Africa to the Empire in the1800’s?
Cattle, cereals, iron, coal and timber.
What was the cycle of dependency?
As the British experienced industrial development, they depended on African resources which they would sell back to Africa
When did this particularly come into play?
The Great Europe Depression of 1873 -1896
Examples of merchant-imperialists
George Goldie and Cecil Rhodes
What were the role of early explorers in Africa?
Tracing waterways, publishing findings, map production and spreading stories.
What was established at the Cape?
A colony
What did this colony do?
Protected the sea route to the Middle East, China, Australia and India.
What are missionaries?
Groups of religious speakers preaching religion to non-religious believers
How did missionaries view the empire?
As a way to civilise heathens
Example of a missionary and explorer
David Livingstone
1868 Basutoland, 1884 Somaliland, 1879 Zululand, 1885 Bechuanaland
Protectorate established
1873 Griqualand, 1888 Gambia
Settlement established
1877 Transvaal
Occupied
1882 Egypt and Sudan
Occupation established client state
1884 Southern Nigeria, 1885 Northern Nigeria, 1888 British East Africa, 1888 Uganda
Chartered company rule
From 1857 - 1890, what was the British doing?
Being more reactive to other powers such as France than seeking land
What did the British do to define areas of control where traders were?
Created companies such as The Niger Company and British East Arica Company/South Africa Company to implement claims and ensure protection.
Where did the Empire really focus on between 1857 - 1890?
Egypt
When did British interest in Egypt birth?
During the American Civil War where Egyptian cotton attracted the British
What percentage of imports were British into Egypt?
40%
Who was Isma’il Pasha?
The Khedive in 1863
What did he do/his views etc.
Believed in modernisation inspired by the Ottomans, irrigation, railways and schools. He also was responsible for the cutting of the Suez Canal
How was the canal created? By who?
The French create The Suez Canal Company in 1858 to build the canal
Which prime minister invested how much into the canal?
Disraeli invested £4 million pounds
What happened to Pasha in 1879?
He was deposed by the Ottoman Sultan due to Anglo-French pressure
Who became the new Khedive?
Tewfik
What taxes/measurements were introduced in Egypt?
Food tax, reduction of the army
What did this lead to?
Increasing unemployment and a nationalist revolt which forced Tewfik to appoint nationalists into government position. This lead to concerns for trade and security of the British in Egypt as well as the canal route to India
What happened in 1882 in Egypt?
Political tensions that evoked violence led to Gladstone to interview and bombard Alexandria, Egypt. This led to Arabi Pasha declaring war, but British forces occupied the canal in time which led to the capturing of Cairo and restoring Tewfik as a puppet ruler
Who was installed as Consul-General?
Evelyn Baring
What did Tewfik had to do?
Rely on the British military wise and policy wise
When did Egypt come under official British occupation?
1885
What is the administration of Egypt referred to as?
The veiled protectorate
What happened in Sudan from 1882?
Gordon was sent to Sudan as the Governor-General, but faced opposition from the Mahdi. The Mahdi created the jihadist army and attempted liberation of Sudan. By 1882, they had taken control of everything surround the Khartoum. Hicks deployed an attack against the jihadist army but was killed off, while Gladstone ordered Gordon to evacuate British/Egyptians from Sudan. However, those defending the Khartoum were killed and Gladstone refused to retaliate.
When did the next attempt at occupying Sudan occur?
1896
