P1 motion, forces, energy Flashcards

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1
Q

What can Energy be stored as?

A

kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical, elastic (strain), nuclear, electrostatic and internal (thermal)

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2
Q

Describe how energy is transferred between stores during events and processes

A

Mechanical Work: Energy transfer via force causing displacement.

Heat Transfer: Movement of thermal energy from hot to cold.

Radiation: Energy transfer via electromagnetic waves.

Electrical Work: Energy movement through charged particles.

Chemical Reactions: Transforming chemical energy into other forms.

Nuclear Reactions: Conversion of nuclear energy.

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3
Q

equation for kinetic

A

Ek= ½mv(2)
Kinetic energy = half x mass X volume(2)

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4
Q

equation for the change in gravitational potential energy

A

ΔEp = mgΔh
Change in potential energy = mass x gravity x change in height

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5
Q

for mechanical or electrical what is work done?

A

mechanical or electrical work done is equal to the energy transferred

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6
Q

What is the law of conservation of energy?

A

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transferred or converted from one form to another.

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7
Q

Formula for work done

A

w=fd
work = force x distance

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8
Q

what is mechanical work?

A

a (moving) force moving an object through a distance

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9
Q

What is electrical work?

A

charges moving due to a potential difference

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10
Q

What is Heating?

A

due to (heat) temperature difference caused electrically or by chemical reaction

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11
Q

What is Radiation?

A

energy transferred as a wave, eg light and infrared - the sun emits light radiation and infrared radiation

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12
Q

Describe how useful energy may be obtained, or electrical power generated, from fossil fuels

A

Burned in power plants, heat water to produce steam, which drives turbines connected to generators.

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13
Q

Describe how useful energy may be obtained, or electrical power generated, from biofuels

A

Derived from organic materials, burned directly or converted into fuels like ethanol for energy.

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14
Q

Describe how useful energy may be obtained, or electrical power generated, from water, including waves, tides, and
hydroelectric dams

A

Hydroelectric dams, tidal power, and wave power drive turbines connected to generators using the movement of water.

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15
Q

Describe how useful energy may be obtained, or electrical power generated, from geothermal resources

A

Extracts heat energy from the Earth’s internal heat to drive turbines.

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16
Q

Describe how useful energy may be obtained, or electrical power generated, from nuclear fission

A

Controlled fission in reactors produces heat, which drives turbines to generate electricity.

17
Q

Describe how useful energy may be obtained, or electrical power generated, from light from the Sun (solar cells)

A

Solar cells convert sunlight directly into electricity, while solar thermal collectors use solar radiation to heat water or fluids.

18
Q

Describe how useful energy may be obtained, or electrical power generated, from wind (wind turbines) including references to a boiler, turbine and generator where they are used

A

Wind turbines harness kinetic energy from wind to generate electricity via turbine rotation.

19
Q

what is efficiency?

A

(a) efficiency = useful energy output/total energy input × 100%
(b) efficiency = useful power output/total power input × 100%

20
Q

Power formula

A

Power = work done / time taken
Power = energy transformed / time taken

21
Q

scaler

A

has magnitude

22
Q

vector

A

has magnitude and direction

23
Q

formula for speed

A

s=d/t
speed = distance/time

24
Q

What is velocity

A

speed in a given direction

25
Q

What is acceleration

A

change in velocity per
unit time

26
Q

How do you find Gradient?

A

Change in vertical axis

27
Q

What is Gravitational field strength?

A

gravitational force per unit mass
g = W/m
gravity = weight/mass

28
Q

Define density

A

mass per unit volume
ρ = m/V
density = mass/volume

29
Q

Describe friction

A

the force between two
surfaces

30
Q

What is newtons second law?

A

net force is equal to mass times acceleration
F = ma

31
Q

Define the spring constant

A

force per unit extension
k=F/x

32
Q

Describe moments

A

a measure of its turning effect
moment = force × perpendicular distance

33
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

equal moments on each side/ no resultant force

34
Q

the equation for kinetic energy

A

Ke=1/mv2

35
Q

the equation for gravitational potential energy

A

Gpe = mgh

36
Q
A