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Physics > P1 - Matter > Flashcards

P1 - Matter Flashcards

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1
Q

What did dalton think?

A

All the atoms in an element are the same

The atoms in one element are different from the atoms in all other elements

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2
Q

What did Thomson think?

A

Used cathode ray investigations given out by hot metals
An atom contains negative electrons
Plum pudding model
Overall , atoms have no electrical charge -neutral

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3
Q

What did Rutherford think?

A

An atom is made of a tiny , positively charged nucleus with electrons around the outside.
All mass in nucleus.
When alpha particles hit a nucleus, they bounce back
Nucleus = protons and neutrons

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4
Q

What did Bohr think

A

Electrons can only move in fixed orbits called electron shells, around the nucleus

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5
Q

Diameter of atom?

A

10^-10

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6
Q

Radius of nucleus

A

10^-15m

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7
Q

What is the formula for density?

A

Density (kg/m^3) = mass (kg) / volume (m^3)

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8
Q

How to measure density of different objects?

A

Eureka can which is a tin with spout off the side
Fill up with water
Make sure water is above the spout
And let the water run down until no more water runs out
Then use a measuring cylinder underneath the spout
Place the object inside and however much water comes out is the volume of the shape.
Then measure with balance.
And use density equation

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9
Q

Explain the density of a solid?

A

There are more particles closely packed together.
The more particles, the greater the mass
Therefore density increases

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10
Q

What is the law of conservation of mass?

A

Particles can neither be created nor destroyed

Happens in a closed system

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11
Q

Difference between energy and temperature?

A

Temperature is how hot or cold something is , measure with thermometer.
Units is °C or °K - usually tells the average kinetic energy of particles

Energy in a thermal stall is measured in Joules (J)
Depends on the arrangement of the particles and how fast they move

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12
Q

What happens when you heat things up?

A
  1. Change the energy store- Increase in temperature
  2. Change in state
  3. Chemical reactions occur
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13
Q

What is a physical and chemical change?

A

Physical change is a change of state , e.g. solid to liquid
New substances are not made therefore change is reversible

Chemical change involves a chemical reaction
New substances are made therefore change is irreversible

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14
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of material by 1°C.

Units - (J/kg°C)

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15
Q

What are the three things that determine the amount of energy we need, to raise the temperature of an object?

A
  1. Type of material
  2. Mass of material
  3. Temperature rise
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16
Q

What is the practical to determine specific heat capacity?

A

Beaker with water
Immersion heater connected to power supply
Thermometer
Insulation

Measure the change in temperature . The mass of water is known.
Use the equation to work out the SHC of the substance or the energy.

17
Q

What does an object with high specific capacity mean?

A

It is resistant to change in temperature.

18
Q

What does it mean if an object has low specific capacity?

A

It heats up very quickly

E.g. saucepans

19
Q

What is the specific latent heat of fusion?

A

The energy transferred when one kg of the substance changes from the solid state to the liquid state.
Vice versa

20
Q

What is the specific latent heat of vaporisation ?

A

Energy transferred when 1 kg of substance changes from the liquid state to gas state

21
Q

Explain gas pressure with the idea of a balloon

A

As you blow into the balloon there is an increase number of air particles inside.
Particles collide with the surface
Each collision creates a force
All the forces created by the collisions is the gas pressure

22
Q

What happens if we add more air particles to a container that can’t expand

A

Gas pressure increases rapidly

23
Q

What happens if temperature of a gas is increased

A

Gain kinetic energy
Therefore more frequent collisions
Leading to increase in pressure

24
Q

How to measure pressure?

A

Use a pressure gauge
Units for pressure is (Pa)
1kPa = 1000Pa

25
Q

What would happen if we call the gas down to absolute zero?

A

It would have zero Pa of pressure

We do this by extrapolating a graph of results

26
Q

What is the proportion of pressure and volume?

A

Pressure and volume are inversely proportional

If the volume doubles, the pressure will halve.

27
Q

How can we increase the internal energy of a gas?

A

1) Heat it

2) Doing work on it

28
Q

Explain how a bike pump works in terms of pressure?

A

When the user applies force to the pump the gas gets hotter.
Kinetic energy increases so more frequent collisions
Pressure increases

29
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

The gases that make up the atmosphere exert atmospheric pressure.

30
Q

What is the pressure on the surface of Earth?

A

100,000Pa

31
Q

Explain pressure in terms of a can

A

Use a open can
The forces acting in all directions are equal
If air is removed the can collapses

This is because the only pressure acting is from the outside so it collapses

32
Q

What happens to atmospheric pressure as you go up?

A

As you go away from the surface of the Earth then atmospheric pressure decreases
Because there is fewer particles of air pushing down

33
Q

What does the pressure gauge read?

A

The atmospheric pressure

Not zero

34
Q

What happens to liquid pressure as you go deeper?

A

Pressure increases

More particles are pressing down from above

35
Q

What happens to pressure if liquid is denser?

A

Greater pressure at the same depth as in a less dense liquid

36
Q

Explain why in a water bottle with three punched holes , the bottom one pushes water out the furthest?

A

There are more water particles above and therefore more pressure

37
Q

Why do items float?

A

Items will float when upthrust balances weight . Equal forces.

38
Q

What is the formula for pressure?

A

Pressure (Pa) = force(N) / area (m^2)

39
Q

Explain how a submarine can go different depths at sea?

A

It has tanks which can either be filled with air or water.
If submarines want to be lower, allow water in , as this increases the weight. Weight is greater than upthrust.

If submarines want to be higher, push air in, this increases upthrust. Upthrust is greater than weight.

Physics (12 decks)

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