P1 - Lect 1 - Kinds of Growth

Question 1

What is one of the best indicators of how the people of a country are faring?

Answer 1

size of infants, children, and adults

Question 2

Humans are neotenous. What does neotenous mean?

Answer 2

retention of fetal or subadult characteristics while achieving sexual maturity.

Question 3

What are some examples of human features of neoteny?

Answer 3

retention of large brain-to-body ratio, orthognathic facial profile, comparatively hairless, foramen magnum remains under the skull

Question 4

What is the difference between growth and development?

Answer 4

Growth is change in size. (“we grow”)

Development is change in proportionality and complexity. (“we grow up”)

Question 5

What is tempo of growth?

Answer 5

how rapidly a child progresses toward maturity

Question 6

Examples of growth changes in humans.

Answer 6

increase in stature, inc in body wt, inc in dental arch perimeter, inc in the size of the ascending ramus of the mandible

Question 7

What is an example of negative growth?

Answer 7

separation of digits of hand (Remember, growth is just a change in size, not necessarily always increasing.)

Question 8

What are examples of developmental changes in humans?

Answer 8

increasingly complex motor skills, dexterity, and character w/ a person’s increasing age, facial width-to-height ratio (round at birth, more oval at adulthood), development of 4 chambered heart

Question 9

Growth involves dynamic changes in…? (3)

Answer 9

absolute size,
relative size,
position and morphology

Question 10

The four tissue-specific patterns of growth are? (4)

Answer 10

somatic
lymphoid
reproductive
neural

Question 11

Growth consists of different kinds of changes, such as changes in..? (4)

Answer 11

kind
number
position
composition

Question 12

What are changes in kind defined as?

Answer 12

creation of new tissues, structures, or organs where they had not existed previously

Question 13

What are examples of changes in kind?

Answer 13

change in kind of dentition, onset of secondary sexual characteristics (puberty)

Question 14

Examples of changes in number?

Answer 14

inc in number of cells in the body,
inc in brain cells,
inc in ossified bones of hand and wrist (19 - birth 46 late childhood, 27 adulthood),
change in cells in lymphoid tissue,
inc in head size (abnormality = hydrocephaly),
L&R frontal bones to fused bone,
L&R hemimandibles to fused mandible

Question 15

Examples of changes in position?

Answer 15

increasing prominence of mandible and chin (retrognathic to orthognathic);
change in position of diaphragm (C4 descends to T12,
eruption of teeth (formed in basal bone, erupt for occlusion),
ear formation (formed at base of skull at first, then migrate up–Treacher Collins syndrome usu w/ low-set and malformed ears);
formation of tongue (forms betw palatal processes and moves down–failure to do so = cleft palate)

Question 16

What does micrognathia mean?

Answer 16

small mandible

Question 17

Symptoms of treacher collins syndrome?

Answer 17

aka mandibulofacial dysostosis;
first pharyngeal arch syndrome
malar hypoplasia (underdevelopment or incomplete development of zygomatic bone)
down-slanting palpebral fissures
lower eyelid deformities
deformed external ear (auricle) –> microtia

Question 18

When does the bony chin develop in humans?

Answer 18

adolescence

Question 19

Examples of changes in composition?

Answer 19

cartilage -> bone,

membrane -> bone, (ex. calvarial bones and facial bones are formed thru intramembranous growth)

Question 20

cranial base is formed through _______ growth.

Answer 20

endochondral (self-initiating, can grow under pressure)

Question 21

calvarial (skull) bones and facial bones are formed through ___________ growth.

Answer 21

intramembranous (grows under tension, bone resorption under pressure)

Question 22

occipital bone is formed by what type of growth?

Answer 22

endochondral (at the basal and lateral parts) and intramembranous (at planum occipitale and nuchale [superior portions])

Question 23

4 categories for rates of growth (change in timing)?

Answer 23

infancy
childhood
adolescence
adulthood

Question 24

Examples of somatic pattern of growth?

Answer 24

limbs, long bones, facial dimensions (NOT calvarial/skull dimensions)

Question 25

Somatic growth time table?

Answer 25

0-5 yrs     high velocity (infancy)
5-11         constancy of growth
11-16       high velocity (adolescence)
16-35       primarily maintenance
35+          subtle negative velocity

Question 26

Examples of neural pattern of growth?

Answer 26

-brain and related structures:
   whole brain
   cerebellum
   pons and medulla
   eyeball
   pineal gland
- head circumference
- cervical and thoracic vertebrae

Question 27

what causes internal hydrocephaly?

Answer 27

overproduction of CSF
obstruction of CSF flow
interference w/ CSF absorption

Question 28

Examples of reproductive pattern of growth?

Answer 28

onset of secondary sexual characteristics; reproductive organs are a major source of anabolic steroids that modulate growth in adolescence

0-13 yrs - very modest growth
13-20 - high positive velocity
20+ - maintenance

Question 29

lymphoid pattern of growth?

Answer 29

thymus, peyer’s patches, lymph nodes, lymphoid follicles in appendix, mesenteric lymph nodes, adenoids and tonsils

rapid rise in infancy and early chidhood, then apex near puberty, then decline

0-11 - high positive velocity
12-20 - high negative velocity
20+ - vestigial remnants

Question 30

What does waldeyer’s ring consist of?

Answer 30

palatine tonsils, adenoids (pharyngeal tonsil), tubal tonsils, and lingual tonsils

Question 31

adenoid hypertrophy?

Answer 31

aka long face syndrome; occurs when a lot of adenoid tissue blocks facial skeletal growth which may results in a downward slanting chin