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Biology AQA > P1 Infection and Response > Flashcards

P1 Infection and Response Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that cause infectious diseases.

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2
Q

How are pathogens spread?

A

Direct contact, water, air, or vectors

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3
Q

How can the spread of pathogens be reduced?

A

simple hygiene, destroying vectors, isolation, vaccination

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4
Q

What is a virus?

A

A microorganism that reproduces rapidly in body cells causing damage.

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5
Q

Name some symptoms of measles.

A

fever, red skin rash

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6
Q

How is measles spread?

A

breathing in droplets from sneezes and coughs of an infected person

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7
Q

How is the spread of measles being controlled?

A

Young children are being vaccinated as there is the chance of fatality if there are complications

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8
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

sexual contact or the exchange of bodily fluids

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9
Q

How does HIV first present and develop?

A

It first presents with flu-like symptoms and if left untreated spreads to the lymph nodes and attacks the lymphatic system

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10
Q

What type of drugs can be taken to prevent HIV from developing?

A

Antiviral drugs

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11
Q

What happens to the body during the late stage of HIV and AIDS?

A

The body can no longer fight off other infections or cancers.

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12
Q

What do bacterial cells do to the body?

A

The reproduce and produce toxins to damage tissues

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13
Q

How can salmonella be contracted?

A

By ingesting contaminated food

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of Salmonella poisoning?

A

fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea

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15
Q

How is the spread of Salmonella being controlled?

A

Chickens in the UK are being vaccinated

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16
Q

How is Gonorrhoea spread?

A

sexual contact

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

A

Thick yellow or green discharge from genitals and pain when urinating.

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18
Q

How did Gonorrhoea used to be treated?

A

Penicillin, but newer strains have developed a resistance to it

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19
Q

How can the spread of Gonorrhoea be prevented?

A

By using barrier contraceptives

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20
Q

Define a protist

A

A single-celled organism that spreads disease

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21
Q

How is malaria spread from person to person?

A

It is carried by a specific type of mosquito that transmits the disease when it bites somebody

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22
Q

What is a vector?

A

The organism that carries a disease but doesn’t actually have the disease itself.

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

severe reoccurring fever (it can be fatal)

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24
Q

How do we try to stop the spread of malaria?

A

By stopping people from being bitten by killing the mosquitoes or by using mosquito nets

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25
How is Rose black spot spread?
When spores are carried from plant to plant by the wind or through water
26
What are some symptoms of Rose Black spot?
Purple or black spots develop on leaves, leading them to yellow and drop early
27
How does Rose Black Spot affect the plant?
It stunts growth as there is a reduction in the rates of photosynthesis
28
How can the spread of Rose Black Spot be prevented?
By using fungicides and removing and destroying the affected leaves.
29
Name all 5 human non-specific defences.
Cilla (in airways), tears, nose hairs, stomach acid, skin
30
Explain what happens during phagocytosis.
- the microorganism invades the body - the WBC finds it and engulfs it - The WBC ingests the microorganism - The microorganism is digested and destroyed by the WBC
31
What is an antibody?
A protein molecule that binds to an antigen
31
What is an antitoxin?
Chemicals that neutralise the toxins produced by bacteria
31
How are antibodies produced?
- WBC is sensitised to the antigens, stimulating lymphocyte production - antibodies lock onto the antigens - the microorganisms clump together for easy digestion
32
Define immunity
When the body is able to quickly respond to the same pathogen re-entering the body by producing the correct antibodies.
33
What is a vaccination?
When a dead/ weakened version of a pathogen in injected into the body to stimulate lymphocyte production and create antibodies against it.
34
How are the pathogens altered in a vaccine?
The antigens are altered so that only specific antibodies are produced. The WBC that are capable of quickly producing the correct antibody remain in the bloodstream.
35
Define herd immunity.
When a large proportion of a population is vaccinated so the pathogen cannot spread easily throughout the population.
36
What do antibiotics do?
They kill bacteria as they aren't within the bodies cells
37
Give an example of a bacteria that has become antibiotic resistant.
MRSA
38
What should doctors do to prevent antibiotic resistance?
- stop prescribing them when they aren't needed - don't prescribe them for non-serious infections - don't prescribe them for viral infections
39
What else should be done to prevent antibiotic resistance beside from doctors?
Agricultural use of them should be restricted
40
What do painkillers do?
treat symptoms, not kill pathogens
41
What do antiviral drugs do?
kills viruses without damaging the body's tissues
42
Why do we still need new antibiotics?
as resistant strains of bacteria keep developing
43
Where does the drug digitalis come from?
foxgloves
44
Where does Aspirin come from?
Willow bark
45
Where does Penicillin come from?
Mould
46
Why are drug trials carried out?
To test for efficacy, toxicity and dosage
47
What happens in the preclinical trials?
the drug is tested in the lab on cells, tissues and live animals
48
What happens during the clinical trials?
done on healthy volunteers first, then on patients who have the disease, starting with low dosages and is trying to find the optimal dosage.
49
What is a placebo?
A drug that doesn't actually have the active ingredient within it
50
What is a blind trial?
Where only the patient doesn't know whether they are being given the drug or a placebo, used to get accurate results
51
What is a double-blind trial?
Where both the patient and doctor don't know whether the patient is receiving the drug or the placebo to remove bias from both sides
52
What is a monoclonal antibody?
It is produced from a single cell that has copied itself, designed to target a specific pathogen / type of cell
53
How is a monoclonal antibody made?
- tumour cell is combined with a mouse cell to stimulate lymphocyte production and form a hybridoma - the hybridoma cells are grown and the monoclonal antibodies are selected and extracted
54
Give 4 uses for monoclonal antibodies.
- pregnancy tests (they bind to the HCG hormone) - labs (to test the levels of hormones/chemicals in the blood) - research (to locate specific molecules by binding them to fluorescent dye) - treatment (cancer)
55
What is the disadvantage of monoclonal antibodies?
They have a lot of unexpected side effects and so they aren't in as regular use
56
What is a symptom of TMV?
'mosaic' pattern of discolouration on the leaves of tobacco plants that reduced the chlorophyll content
57
What happens to the plant if it's infected with TMV?
Its growth is stunted as there is a lack of photosynthesis.
58
Give an example of a fungal plant disease.
Rose Black Spot
59
How do aphids damage a plant?
They feed on the sugars in the phloem, taking away the sugars from the plant
60
What is a plant deficiency?
When a plant isn't getting enough mineral ions from the soil.
61
What is the symptom of a nitrate deficiency?
stunted growth
62
What do plants use nitrate ions for?
protein synthesis
63
What is the symptom of a magnesium deficiency?
chlorosis
64
What do plants use magnesium ions for?
the production of chlorophyll
65
Give 3 examples of physical plant defences.
- cellulose cell walls - tough waxy cuticle on leaves - layers of dead cells around stems that can fall off (tree bark)
66
Give 2 examples of chemical plant defences.
- antibacterial chemicals (in plants like mint, witch hazel) - poisons to deter herbivores (tobacco, foxgloves, deadly nightshade)
67
Give 3 examples of mechanical plant defences.
- thorns + hairs - leaves that droop/curl when touched - mimicry to trick other animals
68
What are some signs of plant disease?
stunted growth, spots on leaves, areas of decay, growths, malformed stems or leaves, discolouration, presence of pests
69
What are 3 ways one can identify a plant disease?
- garden manual/website - taking infected plants to a lab - using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies

Biology AQA (8 decks)

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