Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology AQA > P1 Infection and Response > Flashcards

P1 Infection and Response Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that cause infectious diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How are pathogens spread?

A

Direct contact, water, air, or vectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How can the spread of pathogens be reduced?

A

simple hygiene, destroying vectors, isolation, vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a virus?

A

A microorganism that reproduces rapidly in body cells causing damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name some symptoms of measles.

A

fever, red skin rash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is measles spread?

A

breathing in droplets from sneezes and coughs of an infected person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is the spread of measles being controlled?

A

Young children are being vaccinated as there is the chance of fatality if there are complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

sexual contact or the exchange of bodily fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does HIV first present and develop?

A

It first presents with flu-like symptoms and if left untreated spreads to the lymph nodes and attacks the lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of drugs can be taken to prevent HIV from developing?

A

Antiviral drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens to the body during the late stage of HIV and AIDS?

A

The body can no longer fight off other infections or cancers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do bacterial cells do to the body?

A

The reproduce and produce toxins to damage tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can salmonella be contracted?

A

By ingesting contaminated food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the symptoms of Salmonella poisoning?

A

fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is the spread of Salmonella being controlled?

A

Chickens in the UK are being vaccinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is Gonorrhoea spread?

A

sexual contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

A

Thick yellow or green discharge from genitals and pain when urinating.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How did Gonorrhoea used to be treated?

A

Penicillin, but newer strains have developed a resistance to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How can the spread of Gonorrhoea be prevented?

A

By using barrier contraceptives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define a protist

A

A single-celled organism that spreads disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is malaria spread from person to person?

A

It is carried by a specific type of mosquito that transmits the disease when it bites somebody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a vector?

A

The organism that carries a disease but doesn’t actually have the disease itself.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

severe reoccurring fever (it can be fatal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do we try to stop the spread of malaria?

A

By stopping people from being bitten by killing the mosquitoes or by using mosquito nets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is Rose black spot spread?

A

When spores are carried from plant to plant by the wind or through water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are some symptoms of Rose Black spot?

A

Purple or black spots develop on leaves, leading them to yellow and drop early

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does Rose Black Spot affect the plant?

A

It stunts growth as there is a reduction in the rates of photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How can the spread of Rose Black Spot be prevented?

A

By using fungicides and removing and destroying the affected leaves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Name all 5 human non-specific defences.

A

Cilla (in airways), tears, nose hairs, stomach acid, skin

30
Q

Explain what happens during phagocytosis.

A
  • the microorganism invades the body
  • the WBC finds it and engulfs it
  • The WBC ingests the microorganism
  • The microorganism is digested and destroyed by the WBC
31
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A protein molecule that binds to an antigen

31
Q

What is an antitoxin?

A

Chemicals that neutralise the toxins produced by bacteria

31
Q

How are antibodies produced?

A
  • WBC is sensitised to the antigens, stimulating lymphocyte production
  • antibodies lock onto the antigens
  • the microorganisms clump together for easy digestion
32
Q

Define immunity

A

When the body is able to quickly respond to the same pathogen re-entering the body by producing the correct antibodies.

33
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

When a dead/ weakened version of a pathogen in injected into the body to stimulate lymphocyte production and create antibodies against it.

34
Q

How are the pathogens altered in a vaccine?

A

The antigens are altered so that only specific antibodies are produced.
The WBC that are capable of quickly producing the correct antibody remain in the bloodstream.

35
Q

Define herd immunity.

A

When a large proportion of a population is vaccinated so the pathogen cannot spread easily throughout the population.

36
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

They kill bacteria as they aren’t within the bodies cells

37
Q

Give an example of a bacteria that has become antibiotic resistant.

A

MRSA

38
Q

What should doctors do to prevent antibiotic resistance?

A
  • stop prescribing them when they aren’t needed
  • don’t prescribe them for non-serious infections
  • don’t prescribe them for viral infections
39
Q

What else should be done to prevent antibiotic resistance beside from doctors?

A

Agricultural use of them should be restricted

40
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

treat symptoms, not kill pathogens

41
Q

What do antiviral drugs do?

A

kills viruses without damaging the body’s tissues

42
Q

Why do we still need new antibiotics?

A

as resistant strains of bacteria keep developing

43
Q

Where does the drug digitalis come from?

A

foxgloves

44
Q

Where does Aspirin come from?

A

Willow bark

45
Q

Where does Penicillin come from?

A

Mould

46
Q

Why are drug trials carried out?

A

To test for efficacy, toxicity and dosage

47
Q

What happens in the preclinical trials?

A

the drug is tested in the lab on cells, tissues and live animals

48
Q

What happens during the clinical trials?

A

done on healthy volunteers first, then on patients who have the disease, starting with low dosages and is trying to find the optimal dosage.

49
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A drug that doesn’t actually have the active ingredient within it

50
Q

What is a blind trial?

A

Where only the patient doesn’t know whether they are being given the drug or a placebo, used to get accurate results

51
Q

What is a double-blind trial?

A

Where both the patient and doctor don’t know whether the patient is receiving the drug or the placebo to remove bias from both sides

52
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody?

A

It is produced from a single cell that has copied itself, designed to target a specific pathogen / type of cell

53
Q

How is a monoclonal antibody made?

A
  • tumour cell is combined with a mouse cell to stimulate lymphocyte production and form a hybridoma
  • the hybridoma cells are grown and the monoclonal antibodies are selected and extracted
54
Q

Give 4 uses for monoclonal antibodies.

A
  • pregnancy tests (they bind to the HCG hormone)
  • labs (to test the levels of hormones/chemicals in the blood)
  • research (to locate specific molecules by binding them to fluorescent dye)
  • treatment (cancer)
55
Q

What is the disadvantage of monoclonal antibodies?

A

They have a lot of unexpected side effects and so they aren’t in as regular use

56
Q

What is a symptom of TMV?

A

‘mosaic’ pattern of discolouration on the leaves of tobacco plants that reduced the chlorophyll content

57
Q

What happens to the plant if it’s infected with TMV?

A

Its growth is stunted as there is a lack of photosynthesis.

58
Q

Give an example of a fungal plant disease.

A

Rose Black Spot

59
Q

How do aphids damage a plant?

A

They feed on the sugars in the phloem, taking away the sugars from the plant

60
Q

What is a plant deficiency?

A

When a plant isn’t getting enough mineral ions from the soil.

61
Q

What is the symptom of a nitrate deficiency?

A

stunted growth

62
Q

What do plants use nitrate ions for?

A

protein synthesis

63
Q

What is the symptom of a magnesium deficiency?

A

chlorosis

64
Q

What do plants use magnesium ions for?

A

the production of chlorophyll

65
Q

Give 3 examples of physical plant defences.

A
  • cellulose cell walls
  • tough waxy cuticle on leaves
  • layers of dead cells around stems that can fall off (tree bark)
66
Q

Give 2 examples of chemical plant defences.

A
  • antibacterial chemicals (in plants like mint, witch hazel)
  • poisons to deter herbivores (tobacco, foxgloves, deadly nightshade)
67
Q

Give 3 examples of mechanical plant defences.

A
  • thorns + hairs
  • leaves that droop/curl when touched
  • mimicry to trick other animals
68
Q

What are some signs of plant disease?

A

stunted growth, spots on leaves, areas of decay, growths, malformed stems or leaves, discolouration, presence of pests

69
Q

What are 3 ways one can identify a plant disease?

A
  • garden manual/website
  • taking infected plants to a lab
  • using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies

Biology AQA (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions