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AQA GCSE Physics > P1 (Energy) > Flashcards

P1 (Energy) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an energy system?

A

A system is an object or group of objects that interact.

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2
Q

What is an energy store?

A

Energy stores are ways in which energy can be stored.

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3
Q

What is the equation for kinetic energy?

A

1/2mv²

1/2 x mass x velocity

Energy (J), mass (kg), velocity (m/s)

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4
Q

What is the equation for elastic potential?

A

1/2kx²

1/2 x spring constant x (extension)²

Energy (J), spring constant (N/m), extension (m)

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5
Q

What is the equation for gravational potential?

A

mgh

mass x gravational field strength x height

Energy (J), mass (kg), gravitational field strength (N/kg), height (m)

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6
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

The amount of energy need to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of a substance by 1 degrees celsius.

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7
Q

What is the equation for specific heat capacity?

A

Q=mcΔt

Heat energy = mass x specific heat capacity x change in temperature

Energy (J/kg°C), mass (kg), specific heat capacity (J/kg), change in temperature (°C)

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8
Q

What is power?

A

The rate at which energy is transferred or work is done.

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9
Q

What is the equation for power?

A

Power = energy transferred/time

Power = work done/time

Power (W), work done (J), time (s)

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10
Q

What is the equation for work done?

A

W=Fs

Work done = force x distance moved in the direction of the force.

Work done (J), force (N), distance (m)

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11
Q

Describe the energy changes involved when a ball is thrown upwards and then returns to its starting position?

A

Upwards: Kinetic energy is converted to gravitational potential.

Peak: Maximum gravitational potential, zero kinetic energy.

Downwards: Gravitational potential is converted to kinetic energy.

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12
Q

Describe the energy transfers for a bungee jumper?

A

When falling, the gravitational potential is converted to kinetic energy of the jumper.

As cord tightens, kinetic energy is converted and stored as elastic potential energy.

At lowest point, the jumper’s initial gravitational potential equals the elastic potential stored in the cord.

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13
Q

Explain why the bungee jumper slows down once the cord begins to stretch?

A
  • Kinetic energy decreases since it is converted to elastic potential energy.
  • Since kinetic energy is proportional to velocity², as kinetic energy decreases, so does velocity.
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14
Q

What are some examples of chemical energy stores?

A

Food, fuel, batteries.

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15
Q

What are all of the energy stores?

A

Kinetic, chemical, internal (or thermal), gravitational potential, magnetic, electrostatic, elastic potential, nuclear.

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16
Q

What is the law of energy conservation?

A

Energy can not be created or destroyed. It can only transferred into different forms.

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16
Q

What is wasted energy?

A

The energy that is not used by the device for its desired purpose. For example, thermal energy from a filament bulb is waste energy.

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17
Q

What is the equation for efficiency?

A

Efficiency = useful output energy/total input energy

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17
Q

What is efficiency?

A

The ability of minimising dissipation and increasing conservation of energy.

18
Q

How can we improve the efficiency of a house?

A
  • Thicker walls have low thermal conductivity, meaning less thermal energy is dissipated.
  • Wall and loft insulation reduces energy loss.
  • Double glazed windows. Have a two panes of glass with a special insulating gas in between. This reduces energy loss.
19
Q

How can we improve the efficiency of a car?

A
  • Improve aerodynamics. Prevents air resistance, reduces drag.
  • Lubrication. Prevents excess friction, and so energy being dissipated into thermal energy.
22
Q

How can the efficiency of a system be increased?

A

Reducing waste output (by lubrication, thermal insulation etc.)

Recycling waste output (recycling thermal waste energy as input energy.

23
Q

What is meant by dissipation?

A

To dissipate means to scatter in all directions or to use wastefully. It is energy transferred in unuseful ways.

24
Q

What is thermal conductivity?

A

The higher the thermal conductivity of a material, heat is allowed to travel through the material more easily, so the higher the rate of energy transfer by conduction across the material. For example, thermal conductivity of a house’s wall is very low.

25
Q

What key factors affect the rate of cooling of a building?

A
  • The thickness of the walls.

- The thermal conductivity of the walls.

26
Q

What are three methods of reducing heat loss in a building?

A
  1. Double glazing
  2. Loft and wall insulation
  3. Thicker walls
27
Q

How can the efficiency of a mechanical machine with moving parts be improved?

A

Lubricate any moving parts to reduce the friction and therefore energy loss due to heating.

28
Q

How can the efficiency of a radiator be improved?

A

Installing metal foil sheets behind the radiator to reflect the heat back room rather than it being absorbed into the walls.

29
Q

How can the efficiency of boiling water be improved?

A

By placing a lid on the pan to reduce the heat loss from the top.

30
Q

What is a renewable energy resource?

A

Energy which can be naturally replenished as it is being used.

31
Q

What are some examples of renewable energy sources?

A

Wind energy, hydro-electricity, tidal energy, solar energy.

32
Q

What is are some examples of non-renewable energy?

A

Fossil fuels (for example, coal, oil and gas)

33
Q

What are the advantages of generating power using gas rather than coal?

A
  • Flexible generation: Gas power stations have short start-up times so can be switched on/off more readily.
  • Lower emissions of carbon dioxide.
34
Q

What are some disadvantages of using renewable energy resources to generate power?

A
  • Solar does not work in night or in bad weather conditions.
  • Wind is intermittent.
  • Generating power through other means is often more efficient and economically beneficial.
35
Q

What is a fossil fuel?

A

Fossil fuels are made from decomposing plants and animals. They are hydrocarbons.

36
Q

What are the three types of fossil fuels?

A

Coal, oil, gas.

37
Q

What are the environmental impacts of burning fossil fuels?

A

Carbon dioxide distributed into the air, contributed to greenhouse affect and causes global warming.

38
Q

What are some advantages fossil fuels an an energy resource?

A
  • Reliable, not dependant on external factors. Can produce generate power at anytime.
  • High energy density.
  • Affordable
39
Q

What are some advantages of nuclear power?

A
  • High energy density
  • Does not release toxic gases into the atmosphere
  • Low fuel costs
40
Q

What are some disadvantages of nuclear power?

A
  • Produces nuclear waste which is harmful to humans and must be stored safely for centuries.
  • Non-renewable energy source
  • Risk of nuclear accidents, could be fatal.
41
Q

How does hydroelectricity power produce energy?

A
  • Rainwater collects behind dam
  • When this water is released, its is used to turn a turbine
  • This turbine turns a generator which produces energy
42
Q

What are some disadvantages of using biofuels?

A
  • When plants are burnt or decayed, carbon dioxide is released
  • In order to grow biofuels, you need to destroy land, which destroys natural habitats
43
Q

What are the advantages of using tidal energy?

A
  • They do not produce greenhouse gases
  • They are quite reliable, as tides happen twice a day
  • Cheap to run
44
Q

What are disadvantages of hydroelectric power?

A
  • The dam may cause flooding

- It can cost a lot to install the required infrastructure.

45
Q

What are the advantages of solar panels?

A
  • They don’t cause harm to the environment.
  • They are renewable
  • They can be placed in remote places where other types of energy are less accessible.
46
Q

What is an example of a social factor that may act as a deterrent for certain types of energy production?

A

Visual pollution, sound pollution.

AQA GCSE Physics (2 decks)

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