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Physics GCSE > P1- Energy > Flashcards

P1- Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a system?

What happens when a system changes?

A

A system is an object or group of objects.

When a system changes, energy is transferred and it can be transferred into or away from the system, between diff objects in the system of between diff types of energy stores.

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2
Q

How can energy be transferred ? (3)

A

1) Through mechanically by a force doing work.
2) Electrically- work done by moving changes,
3) By heating or by radiation eg light or sound.

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3
Q

Describe when this energy store emerges:

  • Chemical.
  • GPE
  • Kinetic
  • Elastic potential.
  • Thermal Energy stores.
A
  • Chemical energy: energy transferred during chemical reactions.
  • GPE: the energy stored in an object because of its position, such as the object above the ground.
  • Kinetic: the energy an object has when it’s moving.
  • Elastic potential: the energy stored in an object that is springy when you stretch or squash it.
  • Thermal energy stores: energy a substance has because of its temperature.
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4
Q

What happens when an object falls?

A

When an object falls and gains speed, its GPE stores decreases and its KE stores increases

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5
Q

Give some sources of chemical energy?

A

Food,fuel, chemicals in batteries.

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6
Q

What happens when an object is moved by a force?

Eq?

A

When an object is moved by a force, work is done the object by the force in transfers energy to the object

wd (J) = force(N) x d (m)

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7
Q

What happens when work done to overcome friction?

A

Work done to overcome friction is mainly transferred to thermal energy stores by heating as the two objects rub together and energy is transferred to the surroundings.

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8
Q

How is the GPE affected?

Why does a GPE of an object increase when its lifted?

Equation to calculate GPE?

A
  • Increases when an object moves up and decreases when an object moves down.
  • The GPE of an increases when it’s lifted because work is done on it to overcome the gravitational force.

GPE=mgh

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9
Q

What does the KE store of a moving object depend on? (2)

How to calculate KE store of an object?

How to calculate EPE?

A

1) Mass
2) Speed

KE= 1/2mv^2

EPE= 1/2ke^2

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10
Q

Why does GPE= KE?

A

When something falls, energy from its GPE store is transferred to it’s KE stores when there’s no air resistance.

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11
Q

Define shc?

Equation?

A

Is the amount of energy needed to raise the temp of 1kg of a substance by 1 degrees.

change in thermal energy(J)= mass x shc x temp change

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12
Q

What is:

  • useful energy
  • wasted energy

What happens when energy dissipates?

How can a product be described as efficient?

Efficiancy eq? (2)

Why is no device ever 100% efficient?

A
  • Useful energy- energy in the place we want in and in the form we need.
  • Wasted energy- not useful energy and is transferred by an undesirable pathway; it is eventually transferred to the surroundings which become warmer
  • As energy dissipates, it becomes less and less useful

The less energy that is wasted in the energy store, the more efficient a device is said to be.

1) Efficiency= useful output energy transfer / total input energy transfer.
2) Efficiency= useful power output/ total power output.

No device is 100% efficient because usually, the wasted energy is transferred to thermal energy stores.

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13
Q

Give 3 ways of improving efficiency and why?

A

Improve efficiency:

  • insulating objects to prevent heat loss
  • lubricating them to prevent work done against friction and friction between moving parts causes heating.
  • more streamlined to reduce air resistance and energy transferred from the object to the surroundings by this force is wasted.
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14
Q

What supplies most of the energy in our homes?

A

Electricity and gas/ or oil supply most of the energy.

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15
Q

What is the conservaton of energy?

A

Energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated, but cannot be created or destroyed.

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16
Q

List main energy resources available (8)

A
  • fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas), nuclear fuel, biofuel, wind, hydro-electricity, geothermal, the tides, the Sun and water waves.
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17
Q

Describe a renenwable energy and give 7 examples?

Disadvantage?

A 
Renewable energy is one that can be replenished as it is used
-Sun
-Wind
Water waves
-Hydro-electricity
-Bio-fuels
-Tides
-Geothermal

Disadvantage- don’t provide as much energy and some are unreliable because they may depend on the weather.

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18
Q

Power equation? Define.

Calculate power wasted by an appliance?

A
  • P= energy transferred/ time
  • It is the rate of transfer of energy
  • power wasted by an appliance= total power input- useful power output
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19
Q

Describe a non- renenwable energy and give 3 examples?

Disadvantage?

A

Non-renewable source- they will not be replenished as used and are finite.

1) Coal
2) Oil
3) Natural gas

Adv: reliable, provide most of our eneergy.

Disadv: damage to environment
-produce harmful waste products such as greenhouse gases or radioactive waste

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20
Q

What are non-renewable sources of energy for transport?

A

1) Petrol and diesel powered vehicles use fuels created from oil.
2) Coal is used in some old fashioned steam trains to boil water to produce steam.

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21
Q

What are renewable sources of energy for transport?

A

Vehicles that run on pure bio-fuels or a mix of bio-fuel and petrol or diesel.

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22
Q

What is a bio-fuels?

Give exampls of biofuels?

3 adv and 3 disadv

A

Biofuels are solids, liquids or gas and it’s taken from animal products or plant waste.

Adv:

1) Renewable source of energy
2) Carbon neutral
3) Fairly reliable as crops take a relatively short time to grow.

Disadv:

  • Biofuels cannot respond to immediate energy demands.
  • Cost to refine bio fuels is v high and there isn’t space or water to meet demands for crops that are grown for food.
  • Deforestation- lots of species losing natural habitats and the decay and burning of this vegetation increases Co2 and methane emissions.
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23
Q

What are some renewable energy sources for heating?(3)

A

1) A geothermal heat pump uses geothermal energy resources to heat buildings.
2) Solar water heaters work by using the sun to heat water which is then pumped into radiators in the building.
3) Burning bio-fuel or using electricity generated from renenwable resources can also be used for heating.

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24
Q

What are some non renewable energy sources for heating?

A

1) Natural gas- most widely used fuel. Gas is used to heat water, which is then pumped into the radiators throughout the home.
2) Coal- burnt in fireplaces.
3) Electric heaters which use electricity generated from non renewable energy resources.

25
Q

How does wind power produce electricity?

List 3 adv and 3 disadv

A

-Wind turbines placed in exposed places such as moors or round coasrs and each turbine has a generator inside it- the rotating blades turn the generators and produce electricity.

Adv:

  • no pollution.
  • initial costs are high but there are no fuel costs and minimal running costs.
  • no permanent damage to the landscape as if you remove a turbine, the nose is removed and view returns to normal.

Disadv:

  • unreliable because when there is little or no wind, no electricity is produced.
  • spoil the view as they cover a lot of ground
  • very noisey.
26
Q

How does wave power produce electricity?

3 adv and 3 disadv

A

-Wave powered turbines around the coast, the moving turbines are connected a generator so the motion of the waves turns the generator and generates electricity.

Adv:

  • no polution
  • initial running costs are high however no fuel costs and minimal running costs.
  • useful for small islands.

Disadv:

  • disturbing the seabed and the habitats of marine animals.
  • spoiling the view
  • unreliable
27
Q

How does hydroelectric power produce electricity?

4 adv and 3 disadv?

A

-Usually requires a flooding of a valley by building a big dam, and the flowing water drives turbine that turn electricty generators at the bottom of the hill

Adv:

  • provide immediate respone to an increased demand of electricty
  • no problems in reliability except in times of drought.
  • initial costs are high but no fuel costs and low minimum running costs.
  • useful way to generate electricity on a small scale in remote areas.

Disadv:

  • big impact on evironment; flooding of the valley could lead to rotting vegetation that released Co2.
  • loss od habitat for some species
  • resoirvoirs look unsighty when they dry up.
28
Q

How does tidal barrages produce electricity? (2)

Adv and disadv? (4)

A
  • Tidal barrages are big dams built across river estuaries with turbines in them. As the tide comes in, it fills up the estuary and the water is then allowed out the turbines as a controlled speed.
  • Tides are produced by the gravitation pull of the Sun and the Moon.

Adv:

  • no pollution
  • reliable as they happen twice a day without fail near to the predicted height
  • initial costs are moderately high but no fuel costs and minimal running costs
  • it has the potential for generating a significant amount of power.

Disadv:

  • prevent free access by boats,
  • spoils th e view
  • alternating the habitats of the wildlife.
  • Height of the tide can be variable so lower tides produce significantly less energy than the bigger ‘spring’ tides
29
Q

How does solar cell produce electricity?

3 adv and 2 disadv

A

-Solar cells generate electric currents directly from sunlight and they and they are useful when only small amount of electricity are needed (eg in wates and calculators) or in remote places to power electric road signs and satellites.

Adv:

  • no pollution,
  • in sunny countries, solar power is a very reliable source of energy but only in daytime
  • initial costs are high but energu is free and running costs are almost none.

Disadv:

  • -generate electricity on a relatively smal scale.
  • -can’t increase the power output when there’s extra demand.
30
Q

What is the difference between solar cell panel and solar heating panel?

A

Solar cell panel is in which sunlight is used to make electricity however in solar heating panel, sunlight is used to heat water.

31
Q

What is geothermal energy?

How does geothermal power produce electricity?

(describe process of electricity being produced)

Adv (4) and disadv? (2)

A
  • Geothermal energy comes from energy relesed by the slow decay radioactive elements such as uranium deep within the Earth and the energy transferred from these radioactive substances heat the surrounding rock and the energy is transferred by heating towards the Earth’s surface.
  • Water pumps into hot rocks underground produces steam to drive turbines on the Earth’s surface that generate electricity

Adv:

  • possible for volcanic areas or when hot rocs lie quite near to the surface.
  • reliable brilliant energy
  • does little damage to the environment
  • can be used to generaye electricity or to heat buildings directly.

Disadv:

  • aren’t very many suitable locations for power plants and
  • the cost of building a power plant is high compared to the amount of energy it produces
32
Q

Fossil fuels and nuclear power used to produce electricity? Why are they more preferrable(2)

A

Adv:

  • they are reliable as there’s enough fossil fuels and nuclear power to meet current demand and they are extracted from the Earth at a fast enough rate that power plants always have fuel in stock. This means that the power plants can respond quickly to changes in demand.
  • cost effective way to produce energy as set up costs of power plants is hight but the running costs aren’t that expensive.

Advantages:
Reliable, as they can produce energy at any time.
Release a lot of energy.
Abundant.
Relatively cheap.
Versatile, as they can be used for heating, electricity generation and transport.

33
Q

What are the disadv of using fossil fuels? (4)

A
  • Coal, oil and gas release Co2= greenhouse gases= contribute to global warming.
  • Burning coal and oil= release sulfur dioxide- > causes acid rain and be harmful to trees and soils and can have drastic effects on ecosystem.
  • Coal minings, esp open cast mining- they spoil the view by fossil fuel power plants.
  • Oil spillages cause serious envirom problems, affecting mammals and birds that live in and around the sea.

Disadvantages:
Release carbon dioxide which contributes to climate change.
Release many pollutants.
Non-renewable.

34
Q

Problems with nuclear power and nuclear fuel? (3)

A
  • Nuclear power is clean but nuclear waste is v dangerous and difficult to dispose of as it is radioactive waste that needs to be stored for many years.
  • Nuclear fuel( eg uranium or pultonium) is relatively cheap but the overall cost of nuclear power is high due to the cost of the power plants and final decomissioning. Iy
  • Nuclear power always carries the risk of a major catastrophe like Fukishima in Japan.
35
Q

What is the common fuel used in nuclear power stations?

A

Uranium or plutonium

36
Q

Adv of nuclear power?(2)

A
  • no greenhouse gases(unlike fossil fuels)

- more energy is transferred from each kg of uranium or plutonium fuel than from fossil fuel.

37
Q

Adva and disadv of renewable sources of energy?

A

Adv:

  • non finite, replenesible source as it is used.
  • no greenhouse gases.
  • do not create radioactive waste

Disadv:

  • not currently able to meet the world demand so fossils fuels are still used.
  • some non renewable sources are not readily available all the time and are not unreliable.
38
Q

List reliability problem for

  • Hydroelectric
  • Wind,waves
  • Tidal
  • Solar
A

Hydroelectric- upland reservoir coulld run dry
Wind, waves- too weak on v calm days
Tidal- height of tide varies
Solar- no solar energy at night and variable during the day

39
Q

Why do people want to use more renewable sources of energy?(4)

A
  • Non renewable sources of energy will run out one day.
  • Using fossil fuels is v damaging to environment.
  • Pressure from other countries and the public has meant that government have begun to introduce targets for using renewable sources and this puts pressure on energy providers to build new power plants that use renewable sources to make sure they do not lose business and money.
  • Electric cars and hyprids are on the market anf their popularity is increasing.
40
Q

Can scientific evidence be pressurised on people?

A

-Scientific evidence supporting renenwables have emerged but but although scientists can give advice, they don’t have the power to make people, companies, or gov change their behaviours.

41
Q

What is the ethical downside of switching to renewable energy?(2)

A
  • Building new renewable power plants cost money and energy provides are reluctant to do this as fossil fuels are cost effective-> the cost of switching to renewable power will have to be paid- gov or taxes = people don’t want to pay or can’t afford to pay so raises an ethical question.
  • Where to put the powerplants and there are arguments as for eg many people don’t want to live next to a wind farm and arguments over whether it’s ethical to make people put up with this if they may not agree for reasons of their own.
42
Q

What is the reliability issues of switching to renewable energy ?

What’s the downside of research?

A
  • Energy resources are not as reliable as traditional fossuel fuels whilst others cannot increase their power output on demand-> having to use a combination of diff power plants( expensive) or researching ways to improve it’s reliability.
  • Researching on improving the reliability and cost of renewables take time and money and until then, we depend on non renewable power.
43
Q

How can personal changes be affected with switching to renewable energy?

A
  • Hybrid cards are more expensive than equivalent petrol cars and solar panels are expensive.
  • Cost of these things r slowly going down, but still not an option for many people
44
Q

The use of renewables is limited by what 3 factors?

A
  • Reliability,
  • Money
  • Politics
45
Q

What could be some political factors that could affect the use of renenwable?

A

-Money invested could be money invested somewhere else, eg wars, country, etc.

46
Q

What is conduction?(4)

A

Conduction is where vibrating particle transfer energy to the neighbouring particles.

  • Energy is transferred through heating in the material’s thermal energy stores and the energy is shared across the KE stores in the particles of the object.
  • the particles in part of the object being heated begin to vibrate more and collide with each other. These collisions cause energy to be transferred between particles’ KE stores-> conduction
  • process is continuous throughout the object until the energy is transferred to the other side of the object and is transferred to the thermal energy store of the surrounding.
47
Q

What is thermal conductivity?

A

-measure of how quickly energy can be transferred through a material through conduction- higher thermal conductivity transfer energy between their particles quickly.

48
Q

What is convection?

A
  • only occus in liquids and gases.
  • energetic particles move away from hotter to cooler regions.
  • Energy is transferred by heating to the thermal energy store and energy is shared across the KE store of the object,
  • particles in liquids and gases are able to move and when a region is heated, the particles move faster and the space being individual particles increases- this causes the density of the region being heated to decrease.
  • because liquids and gases can flow, the warmer and less dense region will rise above denser, cooler regions- if there is a constant heat source, a convection current can be created.
49
Q

How is a convection current created?

A
  • heated a room with a radiator relies on creating a convection current in the air.
  • energy is transferred from the radiator to the nearby air particles by conduction as the air particles collide with the radiator surface.
  • the air by radiator gets warmer and less dense as part moves quickly
  • the warmer air rises and is replaced by the cooler air- cooler air heated by the radiator.
  • the previously heated air transfers energy to the surroundings, it cools, becomes denser and sinks.
  • cycle repeats, causing a flow of air to circulate around the room- this is a convection current.
50
Q

How to reduce frictional force?

A
  • frictional forces cause energy to be dissipated eg air resistance can transfer an object’s KE store to its thermal energy store.
  • lubrication reduces friction between the object’s surfaces when they move and lubricants are usually liquids like oil so they can flow between objects and coat them.
51
Q

how to reduce energy transfer by heating?

2- (5)

A

1) have thicker walls that are made with a material of low thermal conductivity. The thicker the walls and the lower their thermal conductivity, the slower the rate of energy transfer will be and the building will cool more slowly.

2) thermal insulation:
- cavity walls- made up of an inner and outer wall with an air gap in the middle and the air gap reduces the amount of energy transferred by conduction through the walls.
- cavity wall insulation, where the cavity wall air gap is filled with foam, which can reduce energy transfer by convection in the wall cavity.
- loft insulation can reduce convection currents.
- double glazed window- have an air gap between two sheets of glass to prevent energy transfer by conduction through the windows.
- draught excluders around doors and windows reduce energy transfer by convection

52
Q

How to investigate the effectiveness of materials as thermal insulations? PAG (8)

A

1) Boil water in a kettle- pour in a sealable container to a safe level. Measure mass of water in the container.
2) Use a thermometer to measure initial temp.
3) Seal the container and leave it for 5 mintes- measure the time using a stopwatch.
4) Remove lid an measre the final temp.
5) Pour water away and allow container to come at room temp.
6) Repeat but wrap the container with a diff material ( eg foil, newspaper) once it has been sealed- same mass of water and same initial temp.
7) LOwer the temp diff- lower the energy transferred= the better that material is as a thermal insulator- materials such as bubble wrap and cotton wool are good thermal insulator.
8) thickness of the material affect how good a thermal insulator it is- thicker the insulating layer, the smaller the temp difference and the less energy transferred

53
Q

What does decommissioning mean?

A

(dismantle and) remove radioactive waste / materials / fuel

54
Q

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using coal-fired power station compared to nuclear power ( 4 marks)

A

Advantages and disadvantages relevant to:

(1) health risk
(5) cost
(6) environmental factors
(7) transport/ storage
e. g. common coal / nuclear – high cost of building both

anti-nuclear examples
nuclear fuel transported on roads/rail in region
possible effects on public health in surrounding area
high cost of de-commissioning
long life very active waste materials produced
how waste materials stored safely for a long time

 anti-coal examples
unsightly
pollution
supplies of fuel limited
acid rain
non-renewable

pro-nuclear examples
fuel cheap
no foreseeable fuel shortage

 pro-coal examples
safe
reliable
large coal reserves
disposal of solid waste is easier
55
Q

Describe how nuclear fuels produce electricity?

A

the energy from (nuclear) fission
1
is used to heat water to steam to turn turbine linked to a generator

56
Q

1) In the UK, nuclear fuels are used to generate about 21% of the total electricity supply.
(i) What is the name of the process by which a nuclear fuel produces heat?

2 Explain an environmental advantage of taking the methane gas from coal mines and
using it to generate electricity.

A

1) Nuclear fission.

2)less methane goes into the atmosphere
accept air for atmosphere
1
therefore making global warming less rapid

57
Q

Define slh
SLH equation?
Why is slh of vaporization need more energy than slh of fusion?

A
  • e = mass x slh
  • The amount of energy required to change the state of 1 kg of that material is known as the specific latent heat of that substance.
  • The energy required to completely separate the molecules, moving from liquid to gas, is much greater that if you were just to reduce their separation, solid to liquid. Hence the reason why the latent heat of vaporization is greater that the latent heat of fusion.
58
Q

Why Gas is a Better Option than Coal for Electricity Generation

A

Burning gas generates less carbon dioxide than burning coal.

Gas power stations have a short start-up time, whereas coal power stations have a long start-up time.

59
Q

How Buildings are Designed to Reduce the Rate of Cooling(3)

A

Built using materials with a low thermal conductivity.
Have thick walls.
Have thermal insulators (e.g. cavity walls and double-glazed windows).

Physics GCSE (8 decks)

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