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Physics > P1 Energy > Flashcards

P1 Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is energy stored when transferred

A

When energy is transferred to an object, the energy is stored in one of the objects energy stores

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2
Q

Name the energy stores

A 
Thermal 
Kinetic
Gravitational potential 
Elastic potential 
Chemical 
Magnetic 
Electrostatic
Nuclear
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3
Q

What happens when a system changes

A

Energy is transferred into or away from the system between different objects or different energy stores

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4
Q

What’s a system

A

Single object/group of objects

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5
Q

Describe the energy transfer in a boiling kettle

A

Energy is transferred to the water by heating into the waters thermal energy store

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6
Q

What is the kettle and water known as

A

Two object system

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7
Q

What is work done the same as

A

Energy transferred

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8
Q

How can work be done

A

Work Can be done when current flows (work done against resistance in a circuit) or by a force moving an object

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9
Q

Work done when a car breaks

A

The friction between the cars breaks and wheels does as it slows it down

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10
Q

How is work done when a ball is dropped

A

Dropped ball is accelerated by gravity and gravitational force does work as it causes energy transferred from the balls gravitational potential energy store onto its kinetic energy store

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11
Q

What does movement mean

A

Movement means energy is in an objects kinetic energy store

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12
Q

What happens with energy when an object speeds/slows

A

Speed up - more energy given

Slows down - energy transferred away

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13
Q

What do raised objects store

A

Store energy in gravitational potential energy stores

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14
Q

What does lifting an object require

A

Lifting object in gravitational field requires work (energy transfer) higher object = more energy

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15
Q

What happens when an object falls

A

GPE store transfers energy to the kinetic store.

Energy lost in GPE = energy Gained in kinetic energy

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16
Q

What does air resistance cause

A

Causes energy to be transferred to another store e.g thermal

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17
Q

What does stretching an object transfer

A

Transfers energy to elastic potential energy stores

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18
Q

Equation for elastic potential energy

A

1/2 x spring constant x extension squared

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19
Q

What is the specific heat capacity

A

It’s the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree

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20
Q

What do different materials have

A

Different specific heat capacities.
More energy transferred to thermal energy stores of some materials to increase temperature and transfer loads to cool down

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21
Q

What’s the conservation of energy principle

A

Is that energy is always conserved.

Energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated but can’t be made or destroyed

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22
Q

How is energy transferred to a phone

A

Energy usefully transferred from chemical energy to battery. Some is dissipated Into thermal store

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23
Q

What is power

A

The rate of doing work

24
Q

What’s a closed system

A

A closed object where no energy can escape or be added - no energy leaves system.

E.g cold spoon dropped into insulated flask of hot soup. Energy transferred from thermal store of soup to cold spoon

25
Q

One watt =

A

1 joule of energy transferred per second

26
Q

What does a powerfully machine do

A

Transfers lot of energy in a short space of time

27
Q

What happens if two cars race the same distance but one car has a powerfuler engine

A

Car that’s more powerful will finish first. They both transfer the same energy, but the more powerful one does so in less time

28
Q

What do lubricants do and how

A

They reduce friction by making the surface slippy as they flow easily

29
Q

What does insulation do

A

Reduces rate of transfer by heating

30
Q

Thick walls with preventing heat energy loss

A

Walls made from low thermal conductivity material - slow rate of heat transfer

31
Q

What are cavity walls

A

Inner and outer wall with gap in middle so it reduces energy. Transferred by conduction

32
Q

What is loft insulation

A

Reduces convection current. (Cycle where Particles are constantly heated, rising, cooling then sinking

33
Q

What do draught excluders do

A

Around doors and windows and reduce convection

34
Q

What is conduction

A

When an object is heating and energy is transferred to its particles kinetic energy store. Particles vibrate and collide more and transfer energy to the rest of the object

35
Q

What is convection

A

When liquids or gases are heated they become less dense (as they can flow) they rise into the cooler denser regions and the denser liquid/gas falls into the less dense liquid/gas and warms up

36
Q

What is thermal conductivity

A

How quick energy is transferred through a metal

37
Q

What happens if a material has a higher thermal conductivity

A

Transfers energy between particles quicker
If particles can move, they move faster and the space between particles increases and causes density. (Region being heated decreases)

38
Q

How to improve efficiency of energy transfers

A

Insulating objects, lubricating or making more streamlined

39
Q

Why are useful devices useful

A

They transfer energy from one store to another. Some input energy is wasted

40
Q

What is efficiency

A

Measure of how much energy transferred is conserved in the process

41
Q

What’s a non renewable resource

A

Runs out (fossil fuels or nuclear fuel)

42
Q

What are fossil fuels and examples

A

Natural resources that formed underground millions of years ago
Coal oil gas

43
Q

What’s a renewable resource and examples

A

Won’t run out
Solar, wind, water, hydroelectricity
Biofuels, tides

Most do damage environment but not too bad. Don’t provide lots of energy

44
Q

Example of how non renewable resources used

A

Petrol and diesel powered vehicles. Fuel from oil

Coal used in steam trains or fire places
Gas used to heat water pumped into radiators

45
Q

How renewable resources are used

A

Vehicles run on bio fuels

Geothermal heat pump uses geothermal energy resources to heat building
Solar water heaters - sun heats water pumped into radiators

46
Q

About wind power

A

Work most of time. Dependent on weather
Have a generator inside with rotating blades that turn a generator
Spoil the view
Don’t create a lot of energy

47
Q

About solar cells

A

Expensive but no pollution
Depends on weather
Best for calculators or watches
Generates on small scale

48
Q

About geothermal power

A

Energy in underground thermal energy stores. In volcanic areas or hot rocks near surface
Source of energy is the slow decay of radioactive elements
Reliable
Not many places

49
Q

About hydro electric power

A

No pollution. Requires flooding a valley by building dam. - big impact on environment(rotting vegetation causes CO2 and methane. Loss of habitat)
Provides high demand. High initial cost

50
Q

About wave power

A

Lots of small wave powered turbines around coast. Connected to generator.
No pollution but disturbs sea bed and habitat of marine animals.
Hazard to boats
Unreliable when wave stops when wind dies down
Low running costs
Good for small areas

51
Q

About tidal barrages

A

No pollution
Dams built across river with turbines in the. Tide comes in and fills estuary and water through turbines.
Boats can’t get past, spoils view and alters wildlife
Tides reliable as they happen twice a day
Low tide = less energy
High initial costs
Provide significant energy

52
Q

About biofuel

A

Made from plants and waste.
Renewable as it’s made from plant products or animal waste
Reliable as crops grow quickly and can be grown all year round. Can’t supply demands
Forest cleared to grow biofuels = loss of habitat and burning means CO2 AND methane

53
Q

About non renewable

A

Reliable and meet current demands.
Running out
Power plants initially costly
Cost effective way to produce energy due to low fuel extraction costs

54
Q

How do non renewable create environmental issues

A

When burned, CO2 and methane released. Adds to greenhouse effect and global warming
Burning coal and oil releases Sulphur dioxide and creates acid rain which is harmful to trees and soil
Coal mining harms landscape
Oil spillage
Nuclear power is clean, nuclear waste dangerous and hard to dispose

55
Q

Why is renewable resources limited by reliability money and politics

A

Will the resources be reliable
New power plants are costly ans energy providers are reluctant
Causes bill increase and some can’t afford
Arguments where to build
Personal changes are expensive

Physics (7 decks)

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