P1 Flashcards
Describe an anecdote
A short, interesting or amusing story about a real person or event.
Describe an antithesis
The juxtaposition of ideas in balanced words/phrases.
”That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind”
Describe a contradiction
A lack of agreement between facts, opinions, actions etc.
Describe a discourse marker
A transition word that brings coherence to a piece of writing.
”eg. however, in addition, on the one hand..”
Describe a euphemism
The substitution of a less direct expression for one that is harsh or blunt.
”User fees is just a politican’s euphemism for taxes”
Describe a fallacy
A mistake in reasoning that makes an argument invalid.
Describe irony
The use of words that say the opposite of what you really mean.
Describe a metaphor
A description in figurative words (the words are used in a creative way).
Describe a paradox
A statement that seems contradictory, but is actually true.
”Some day you will be old enough to start reading fairy tails again”
Describe wit
A natural skill for using words and ideas in an inventive way to create humour.
”Her caustic wit and wordplay have made her a television star”
Describe an allusion
Something that refers to another person or subject in an indirect way.
“Her work is full of allusions to God”
Describe an analogy
A comparison of two things that are alike in some respects.
“The teacher drew a analogy between the human heart and a pump”
Describe a confirmation
The body of a speech, in which the speaker presents the best evidence and links it through careful argument to the thesis statement.
Describe a concession
Acknowledging the counterarguments to an idea/proposal
“An individual does have their own right to freedom, but….”
Describe a deliberative speech
Speech that argues for a course of future action
Describe an enumeration
Making a point more forcibly by listing.
“When all God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles…”
Describe epideictic speech
Occasional speech - used at a specific event (ex funeral).
Describe Ethos
A speaker’s credibility and thrustworthiness.
Describe an exordium
The introduction to a speech
Describe forensic speech
legal speech - for use at a trial
Describe Logos
The logic of a speech, the arguments that the speaker makes.
Describe a narration
The background information to a debate, policy or issue.
Describe a parallelism
Giving a similar form/ a definite pattern to two or more parts of a sentence
“What you see is what you get”
Describe a partition
The division of points in which the speaker previews the structure of the speech
“I’m going to present three examples of this phenomenon”
Describe Pathos
The emotional state of the audience by the speaker/the speech.
Describe a peroration
The part of the speech where the speaker makes a final plea to the audience.
Describe personification
Giving human qualities to objects.
“Time waits for no one”
Describe a pre-introduction
The first thing a speaker says to hook the audience’s attention.
Describe Proofs
The ways of making a speech persuasive (ethos, logos and pathos).
Describe a refutation
A counterargument, the part of a speech where the speaker refutes other arguments
Describe signposting
A word/phrase which shows the forward direction of the text/speech.
“First of all, however, in the next slide we’ll see.., by way of conclusion”
Describe a (thesis) statement
A concise summary (of the major claim in a speech/t4ext).
“In this speech I will argue against the motion for economic reasons”
Describe alliteration
The repetition of identical or similar consonant sounds in neighboring words.
“The sun sank slowly”
Describe Anaphora
The repetition of a word/phrase at the beginning of successive phrases/clauses.
“Mad world! Mad kings! Mad composition!
Describe Assonance
The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds in neighboring words.
“The squeaky wheel gets the grease”
Describe Hyperbole
An overstatement characterized by exaggerated language.
“His suitcase weighed a ton!”
Describe Isocolon
A structure with elements that are parallel in grammar and length.
“An envious heart makes a treacherous ear”
Describe Realia
Objects and material from everyday life used as teaching aids.
“The language course makes extensive use of realia, such as brochures, manuals etc.”
Describe Sarcasm
A form of verbal irony in which apparent praise is actually harshly critical.
“A coach saying to a player who misses the ball, “Nice catch!””
Describe a satire
A style used to ridicule others’ ideas, vices and faults.
“This text is a clever satire on Ireland’s politicians”
Describe a simile
A comparison using the words like or as.
“As white as snow”
Describe a syllogism
A form of deduction in which two statements are used to prove a third.
“All humans must die; I am a human; therefore I must die”
Describe synecdoche
A figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vise versa.
“Australia won by six goals (meaning ‘the Australian team’)”
