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Physics > P1 > Flashcards

P1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the electromagnetic waves (in order of increasing frequency/decreasing wavelength).

A 
Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared
Visible Light
Ultraviolet
X-Rays
Gamma Rays

Ronald McDonald Invaded Vegas Using X-Rays Goggles

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2
Q

What is similar about all electromagnetic waves?

A

They all travel at the same speed through a vacuum.

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3
Q

What do the properties of electromagnetic waves depend on?

A

Frequency and wavelength

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4
Q

State a property of electromagnetic waves with high frequencies/wavelengths?

A

They can be harmful to living cells because they have a lot of energy.

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5
Q

What happens when an object absorbs electromagnetic radiation?

A

The object can heat up and become ionised (If the frequency is high enough).

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6
Q

What is light used for and why? (Other than allowing us to see)

A

Radio and electrical signals because it can travel very fast.

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7
Q

What is heat a measure of?

A

Energy.

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8
Q

What happens when a substance is heated?

A

It gains kinetic energy.

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9
Q

What is temperature?

A

A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance.

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10
Q

How does energy flow with hot and cold objects?

A

It flows from hot objects to cooler ones.

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11
Q

How does the difference in temperature affect the rate of energy flow.

A

The greater the difference in temperature… the faster the rate of energy flow/cooling will be.

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12
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

The amount of energy required to heat 1kg of a substance by 1°C

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13
Q

What is the formula for specific heat capacity?

A 
energy = mass * SHC * temperature change
q = mcΔt
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14
Q

How much energy is needed to heat 2kg of water from 10°C to 100°C?

A 
q = mcΔt
m = 2kg
c =  4200 J/kg°C   (SHC of water)
Δt = 100-10 = 90°C
q = 2*4200*90

q = 756,000 J

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15
Q

Why is there no temperature change when substance is changing state?

A

All the energy is being used to break the intermolecular bonds or all the energy is released to form bonds which stops the temperature going down.

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16
Q

In terms of bonds, what happens to a substance when it is condensing of freezing?

A

Bonds are forming.

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17
Q

What is specific latent heat?

A

The amount of energy needed to change the specific state of 1kg of a substance without changing it’s temperature.

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18
Q

What is the specific latent heat of melting?

A

The energy required to melt 1kg of a substance without changing it’s temperature.

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19
Q

What is the specific latent heat of boiling?

A

The energy required to boil 1kg of a substance without changing it’s temperature.

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20
Q

NOTE:

A

Specific latent heat is different for different materials AND boiling and melting.

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21
Q

What is the formula for specific latent heat?

A 
energy = mass * specific latent heat
q = mL
22
Q

Where does conduction occur?

A

In solids, liquids and gases. Mainly solids though.

23
Q

What is conduction?

A

The process where vibrating particles pass on extra kinetic energy to neighbouring particles.

24
Q

Why do metals conduct heat well?

A

They have delocalised/free electrons that are able to pass on energy.

25
Q

Why don’t liquid and gases conduct well?

A

The particles aren’t as close as in solids so they can’t bump into each other easily.

26
Q

Where does convection occur?

A

Liquids and gases

27
Q

Describe convection currents

A
  • Substance heated up.
  • Particles move faster and the substance expands, becoming less dense.
  • Warm fluid rises as it is less dense.
  • Cooler fluid takes it’s place and the process is continued, creating convection currents.
28
Q

Why can’t convection occur in solids?

A

Because the particles can’t move.

29
Q

State 3 ways in which heat can be transferred?

A

Radiation, conduction and convection.

30
Q

How is radiation different from conduction and convection?

A
  • It doesn’t need a medium to travel through.
  • It can only occur through transparent substances.
  • The amount of radiation absorbed by an object depends on it’s surface colour and texture.
31
Q

What affects the amount of radiation emitted or absorbed by an object?

A

The surface colour or texture.

32
Q

Hotter objects emit ____ heat radiation.

A

more

Hotter objects emit more heat radiation.

33
Q

What type of objects are poor absorbers and emitters of radiation? (Reflectors)

A

white, shiny, smooth

34
Q

How does an oven work?

A
  • Heat food by infrared radiation.
  • Heat is radiated by a grill.
  • Absorbed by the surface of the food, increasing kinetic energy.
  • Heat energy is then transferred to the centre of the food by conduction and convection.
35
Q

How does a microwave work?

A
  • Produces microwaves
  • Microwaves penetrate about 1cm into the food, absorbed by water or fat, increasing their kinetic energy.
  • The energy is then conducted or convected to other parts.
36
Q

How do you work out the payback time?

A

payback time = (initial cost/annual saving)

37
Q

How can you insulate your house?

A
  • Loft insulation
  • Hot water tank jacket
  • Cavity walls & insulation
  • Draught-proofing
  • Double glazing
  • Thick curtains
38
Q

What can be used to show where a house is leaking heat?

A

Thermogram

39
Q

What is the formula for efficiency?

A

efficiency = (useful energy output/total energy input)*100

40
Q

What do sankey diagrams show?

A

Energy transformation. (Input energy, wasted energy and useful energy)

41
Q

What are the 3 features/characteristics with waves?

A
  • Amplitude
  • Wavelength
  • Frequency
42
Q

What is the formula for wave speed?

A 
speed = frequency * wavelength
v = f * λ
43
Q

How can waves be changed?

A

Reflection, refraction and diffraction

44
Q

What is the law of reflection?

A

angle of incidence = angle of reflection

[INSERT $WAG DIAGRAM OF REFLECTION HERE PLS JOESEPH -dOM]

45
Q

What is total internal reflection?

A

When light travels into a material beyond the critical angle of that material and gets reflected back into the material.

46
Q

What is diffraction?

A

The spreading out of waves when they pass through a gap or pass an object. [INSERT DIAGRAM(s) OF DIFFRACTION HERE PLS JOESEPH, TRY TO GET AN IMAGE WITH ALL THE TYPES IN -dOM]

47
Q

What is reflection?

A

A wave bouncing off a medium. [REFLECTION DIAGRAM]

48
Q

What is refraction?

A

When a wave moves from one medium to another with a different density AT AN ANGLE. It causes the wave to change speed and therefore change direction. [REFRACTION DIAGRAM]

49
Q

What does the amount of diffraction depend on?

A

The size of the gap relative to the wavelength of the wave. The narrower the gap, or the longer the wavelength, the more the wave spreads.

50
Q

When light passes into a denser medium, it ______ causing the light to refract _______ the medium.

A

slows down, towards

Physics (6 decks)

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