P1 Flashcards
1
Q
○ IR procedures started, with the use of needles and
contrast to
○ highlight an artery.
A
1930’s
2
Q
Mason Jones pioneered transbrachial selective coronary angiography on what year
A
1960’s
3
Q
pioneered transbrachial selective coronary angiography
A
Mason Jones
4
Q
introduced coronary angiography
A
Melvin Judkins
5
Q
introduced visceral angiography
A
Charles Dotter
6
Q
○ transfemoral angiography entering an artery in the
thigh of selective
○ visceral heart and head arteries were developed.
A
1960’s
7
Q
Refers to the opacification of vessels through injection of contrast media
A
ANGIOGRAPHY
8
Q
described a method of arterial access in which a catheter was used.
A
Sven Ivar Seldinger
9
Q
On what year Sven Ivar Seldinger
described a method of arterial access in which a catheter was used.
A
1953
10
Q
The _____ is an 18 Gauge hollow needle with a stylet.
A
Seldinger needle
11
Q
○ allow the safe introduction of the catheter into the vessel.
A
GUIDE WIRES
12
Q
Conventional guide wires are ___, fabricated with stainless steel, and coated with materials that are designed to reduce friction.
A
145cm long
13
Q
○ a thin flexible tube that is inserted into a blood vessel, where in the contrast media is then injected to visualize the vessels.
A
CATHETERS
14
Q
After the catheter placement ____ is then used
A
contrast media
15
Q
are used to monitor the patient
A
ECG, BP, and Pulse Oximeter
16
Q
○ has a small target angle, a large diameter massive anode disc and cathodes designed for magnification and serial radiography
A
x-ray tube
17
Q
2 integral parts of IR
A
Interventional
Fluoroscopy and Radiography
18
Q
○ is used for guidance and documentation of the progress and steps taken.
A
FLUOROSCOPY AND RADIOGRAPHY
19
Q
● real time x-ray imaging technique
● uses an image intensifier tube that is linked to a monitor
A
CONVENTIONAL FLUOROSCOPY
20
Q
Differs from conventional fluoroscopy in the imaging system. Can perform DSA.
A
DIGITAL FLUOROSCOPY.
21
Q
Is when two radiographic images of the same subject/area are obtained under different conditions and one is subtracted from the other, only the difference of the two images are displayed.
A
Image subtraction
22
Q
● Is also called dual energy imaging technique, uses two X-ray beams to produce images of soft tissue and bone
tissue separately.
A
ENERGY SUBTRACTION
23
Q
● Involves the use of two images obtained at different times, with an interval ranging from seconds to years.
A
TEMPORAL SUBTRACTION
24
Q
Combines the advantages of temporal and dual energy subtraction techniques to achieve simultaneous elimination of overly bone, soft tissue, and motion induced artifacts.
A
HYBRID SUBTRACTION
25
● 3 phase, 12 pulse, 100 kW low ripple generator is needed to operate the IR suite/DF.
HIGH VOLTAGE GENERATOR
26
are more massive, flexible and massive than that required for conventional radiographic and fluoroscopic imaging.
Angio interventional suites
27
has a small angle, diameter massive anode disk and cathode designed and serial
radiography.
Angio Interventional tubes
28
● A complex electronic device that receives the image forming x-ray beam and converts it to a visible light image of high intensity.
IMAGE INTENSIFIER.
29
are grown as tiny needles, they are packed tightly 100-200ųm, results In microlight pipes with little dispersion and excellent spatial resolution.
CSI crystals
30
bonded directly to the input phosphor, with a transparent adhesive.
PHOTOCATHODE
31
● devices that are responsible for focusing the electrons, are located along the length of the image intensifier tube.
ELECTROSTATIC FOCUSING LENS
32
the component of the Image Intensifier Tube that converts the electrons emitted by the photocathode to light photons.
OUTPUT PHOSPHOR
33
the active material of the output
phosphor.
Zinc Cadmium Sulfide
34
the ratio of the numbers of the light photons emitted by the output phosphor to the number of light photons
emitted by the input phosphor.
Flux gain
35
Is the ability of the image intensifier tube to increase the illumination level of the image.
Brightness gain
36
The square of the input phosphor to the output phosphor area.
MINIFICATION GAIN
37
○ The image intensifier is coupled directly to a television camera tube.
TELEVISION MONITORING
38
• Refers to the layout of cells in rows and columns.
• Each cell corresponds to a specific location in the image.
Image Matrix
39
● each cell of the image matrix
● pixel value determines the pixel brightness
Pixel
40
- is a subspecialty which provides minimally
invasive diagnosis and /or treatment using
imaging (ultrasound, CT, or fluoroscopy) to
target the intervention and show the results of the intervention.
Interventional radiology
41
It is a process that intervenes or interferes
with the course of a disease process or other medical condition.
Interventional radiology
42
It allows the angiographer, a specially trained radiologist to assume an important role in the management and reduction of disease in many patients.
Interventional radiology
43
Interventional radiology is also known as
Image- Guided Surgery or Surgical Radiology
44
is a subspecialty of Radiology, in which minimally invasive procedures are performed using image guidance. Some of these procedures are done for purely diagnostic purposes, while others are done for treatment purposes.
Image- Guided Surgery or
Surgical Radiology,
45
Who composes the angiography team?
o interventional radiologist
o radiographer
o nurse
46
- The radiologic examination of vessels after the introduction of a contrast medium.
ANGIOGRAPHY
47
refers to the opacification of vessels through injection of contrast media.
Angiography
48
- a tool to diagnose CAD (coronary artery
disease) in acute heart failure
Coronary Angiography
49
POST MORTEM INJECTION OF MERCURY
SALTS IN
JAN. 1896
50
Interventional radiologic procedures began
in ____ with angiography.
1930s
51
In early 1960s ____ pioneered trans brachial selective coronary angiography
Mason Jones
52
Later in 1960s ____ was developed.
transfemoral angiography
53
In ____, ____ described a method for
catheterization of vessels.
1953, Seldinger
54
- to treat a disease that is endovascular
(inside blood vessels) and has become an
alternative to vascular surgery for some
conditions such as abdominal aortic
aneurysm and peripheral artery disease
Vascular interventional radiology techniques
55
- also known as Seldinger wire technique, is a medical procedure to obtain safe access to blood vessels and other hollow organs.
The Seldinger technique
56
It is named after Dr. Sven-Ivar Seldinger
(1921-1998), a Swedish radiologist who
introduced the procedure in 1953.
The Seldinger technique
57
3 vessels considered:
▪ Femoral – preferred site for arterial (size + accessibility)
▪ Brachial
▪ Axillary
58
- one of the categories of medical tools which enter the skin, called sharps is a very thin, hollow tube with one sharp tip. It is
commonly used with a syringe.
Hypodermic needle
59
used for rapid delivery of liquids. It is also
useful to deliver certain medications that
cannot be delivered orally due to vomiting.
Hypodermic needle
60
- Refer to the diameter of the needle
Needle Gauge
61
- flat, slanted surface near the point.
Bevel
62
- The end of the needle that attaches the
syringe
Hub
63
- The Sharp end of the needle
Point
64
The hollow core of the needle that form an
oval shaped opening at the beveled point.
Lumen
65
- The hollow steel tube that runs the entire
length of the needle.
Shaft
66
- Atubular, flexible instrument, passed
through body channels for introduction and withdrawal of fluids or guide wire into a body cavity.
ANGIOGRAPHIC CATHETER
67
is the key equipment for percutaneous angiography.
angiographic catheter
68
- used for femoral approach to
brachiocephalic vessels.
H1 or Head hunter tip
69
-is highly curved
- for sharply angled vessels--cerebral and
visceral angiography.
Simmons catheter
70
- has angled tip joined to a gentle curve—
celiac, renal & mesenteric arteries.
C2 or Cobra catheter
71
- Right (lesser curve) & left (greater curve) for right & left coronary arteries.
Judkins catheters
72
- Right & left coronary arteries
Amplatz catheters
73
- Stainless steel metallic structures that guide the catheter through the blood vessels for placement.
Guide Wires
74
Used for both Cardiology and Radiology
angiographic procedures
Guide wires
75
▪ Simple 18 guage angiographic puncture
needle - one-piece open needle with a sharp beveled tip.
CANNULAS
76
▪ Diagnostic agents that are instilled into body orifices or injected into the vascular system, joints and ducts to enhance subject contrast in anatomic areas where there is low subject contrast
CONSTRAST MEDIA
77
- It is specifically designed to accommodate
the quantity of equipment needed & the
large number of people involved in the
procedure.
INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY SUITE
78
- a highly skilled Interventionalist uses
needles, catheters, and special medical
devices (balloons, coils, guidewires) to
produce an improvement or to intervene
with the disease.
Interventional
79
- is use for guidance and documentation of the progress and steps taken.
Fluoroscopy and radiography
80
- real time x-ray imaging technique
- uses an image intensifier tube that is linked to a monitor.
Conventional Flouroscopy
81
- Differs from conventional fluoroscopy in the imaging system.
- Can perform DSA.
Digital Flouroscopy
82
▪ produces dynamic images obtained with an
area x-ray beam
▪ multiple monitors
▪ more complex operating console
▪ right monitors: modules for entering patient
details
Digital Fluoroscopy (DF)
83
is a storage-type camera tube in which a charge-density pattern is formed by the imaged scene radiation on a
photoconductive surface which is then
scanned by a beam of low-velocity electrons.
vidicon
84
- used to identify a digital x-ray imaging system that produces a series of dynamic images obtained with an area x-ray beam and image intensifier
Digital Fluoroscopy (DF)
85
- refers to the static images produced with
either a fan x-ray beam intercepted by a
linear array of radiation detectors or an area x-ray beam intercepted by a light stimulated phosphor plate
Digital Radiography (DR)
86
- If two radiographic images of the same
subject are obtained under different
conditions and one is subtracted from the
other, only the differences between the two images are displayed.
IMAGE SUBTRACTION
87
- a technique that superimposes a live
fluoroscopic image over a previously stored
angiogram.
ROAD MAPPING
88
- based on the well-established fact that the
attenuation properties of all materials are
functions of the energy of the incident x-ray beam. It Is also called dual energy imaging technique, uses two X-ray beams to produce images of soft tissue and bone tissue separately.
Energy subtraction
89
- involves the use of two images obtained at different times, with the interval ranging
from seconds to years.
Temporal subtraction
90
- combines the advantages of temporal and
dual-energy subtraction techniques to
achieve simultaneous elimination of
overlying bone, soft tissue, and motion
induced artifacts.
Hybrid subtraction
91
- Condition in which the images on the
radiograph are larger than the object they
represent.
MAGNIFICATION
92
- A complex electronic device that receives the image forming x-ray beam and converts it to visible light image of high intensity.
IMAGE INTENSIFIER
93
are grown as tiny needles and are tightly packed in a layer of approximately 300 μm.
Cesium Iodide (CsI) crystals
94
- bonded directly to the input phosphor with a thin, transparent, adhesive layer
Photocathode
95
- is electron emission after light stimulation
Photoemission
96
is a circular plate with a hole in
the middle to allow the electrons through to the output phosphor
anode
97
- engineering aspects of maintaining proper
electron travel
Electron optics
98
- Device responsible for focusing the visible
light and located along the length of the
image intensifier tube
ELECTROSTATIC FOCUSING LENS
99
- a material for output phosphor
Zinc cadmium sulfide
100
- The ratio of the number of light photons at the output phosphor to the number of x-rays at the input phosphor
Flux gain
101
= Number of output light
photons/Number of input x-ray photons
Flux Gain
102
- is the ratio of the square of the input
phosphor to the square of the diameter of
the input phosphor to the square of the
diameter of the output phosphor
Minification gain
103
- the ability of the image intensifier tube to
increase the illumination level of the image
Brightness Gain
104
Minification gain x Flux gain
Brightness Gain
105
uses an interlace mode where 2 fields of
262½ lines each were read in 1/60 secs (17
milliseconds) to form a 525-line video frame in 1/30 seconds (33ms)
Conventional
106
uses a progressive mode where the electron beam of the television camera tube sweeps the target assembly continuously from top to bottom in 33 milliseconds
Digital
107
- refers to a layout of cells in rows and columns
Image Matrix
