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Physics > P1 > Flashcards

P1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the development of the atom:

A

Democritus (500BC) - atomic theory that everything thing is made up of matter
Dalton (1800’s) - atoms were ‘solid spheres’ and each sphere was for a different element
J.J Thomson (1897) - ‘Plum Pudding Model’, atom was a ball of positive charge with electrons scattered throughout
Ernest Rutherford & students (1909) -took positive alpha particles and fired at thin gold sheet. Found the atom is mainly empty space with a positive nucleus
Niel Bohr (1913) - electrons orbited the nucleus in shells

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2
Q

What is density?

A

How much mass a substance has, per unit of its volume

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3
Q

What is the equation for density?

A

Mass(kg)/ Volume (m^3) = Density (kg/m^3)

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4
Q

How to calculate density of solids experimentally?

A

1) Measure the mass using a balance
2) Measure volume of regular shape with width x height x length
3) OR volume of irregular shape using a EUREKA CAN
4) use mass / volume

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5
Q

How to calculate density of liquids experimentally?

A

Measure mass with a balance
Measure volume as 1ml = 1cm^3

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6
Q

How can you reduce the uncertainty in experiments for density? (2 ways)

A

Repeat the experiment multiple times
Use a larger volume of liquids

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7
Q

Describe the structure of solids:

A

Strong forces of attraction
Held in fixed position
Lattice structure
Definite shape & volume
Particles vibrate

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8
Q

What happens when a solid is heated?

A

The particles begin to vibrate more with increased kinetic energy
This weakens the forces and at the melting point the particles have enough energy to break their bonds

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9
Q

Describe the structure of liquids:

A

Weaker forces of attraction
Free to move around
Arranged randomly
Particles are more compact
Have a definite volume but can flow to fit a container

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10
Q

What happens when a liquid is heated?

A

Gains more kinetic energy
Particles move around more so the forces holding them together are weakened
At the boiling point the particles have enough energy to break the bonds
The liquid evaporates into a gas

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11
Q

Describe the structure of a gas:

A

Forces of attraction are very weak
Particles are free to move around
No definite shape of volume
Will always fill a container
Move randomly

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12
Q

What happens when a gas is heated?

A

Particles gain more energy and travel faster
The gas will either expand or the pressure will increase

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13
Q

What happens when a gas is cooled?

A

Particles don’t have enough energy to overcome the forces
Bonds will start to from and the gas will condense

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14
Q

What happens when a liquid is cooled?

A

The particles won’t have enough energy o overcome the bonds so even more bonds form
The liquid will freeze into a solid

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15
Q

Order the states from highest to lowest density:

A

Solid
Liquid
Gas

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16
Q

What are the 3 main assumptions of the particle theory:

A

The particles are small
The particles are inelastic
The particles are spheres

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17
Q

What is internal energy?

A

The total energy stored by the particles making up a substance or system

18
Q

What is potential energy store?

A

Gravitational & elastic energy

19
Q

What are kinetic energy stores?

A

Movement energy of particles

20
Q

What is temperature?

A

A measure of the average internal energy of a substance

21
Q

What is the specific heat capacity?

A

The quantity of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

22
Q

What is the SHC equation?

A

Change in energy = mass x SHC x temperature change

23
Q

What affects how much energy is needed to raise the temperature of an object?

A

Type of material
Mass of material
Temperature rise

24
Q

What does SHC tell us?

A

How resistant a material is to change temperature

25
Q

What type of SHC do conductors have?

A

Low SHC

26
Q

What is latent heat?

A

Specific latent heat of fusion - energy transferred for 1kg of a substance to change from solid to liquid, vice versa
Specific latent heat of vaporisation - energy transferred for 1kg of a substance to change from liquid to gas, vice versa

27
Q

How to calculate latent heat?

A

Energy for change in state (J) = mass (kg) x specific latent heat (J/kg)

28
Q

Difference between latent heat and SHC?

A

Latent = change in state
SHC = change in temperature

29
Q

How is a gas pressure exerted?

A

The small force that particles exert when colliding of particles between a container and each other

30
Q

How does temperature affect gas pressure?

A

The particles will gain more kinetic energy so travel faster and therefore collide more frequently with each other and the sides of a container. The collisions will produce a larger force over a certain area and so a bigger pressure.

31
Q

What is the unit for pressure?

A

Pascals (Pa)
1 Pa = 1N/m^2

32
Q

What is the relationship between pressure of gas and temperature?

A

Directly proportional

33
Q

What is the relationship between pressure and volume?

A

Inversely proportional

34
Q

What is the equation with both pressure and volume?

A

Pressure x volume = constant

35
Q

What is the atmosphere?

A

Single layer of gas that covers the earth (at a height of 700km)

36
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by the gases within the atmosphere (around 100kPa)

37
Q

Why is there less atmospheric pressure as you go up?

A

As there is less air above pushing down

38
Q

What is liquid pressure?

A

Water molecules are close enough to collide with each, a container and anything else in the water, a force is exerted and this is liquid pressure

39
Q

Where is there higher liquid pressure and why?

A

The deeper down you go the higher the pressure as there is a greater pressure above.

40
Q

Why will a denser liquid have a greater pressure at the same point as a less dense one?

A

As there’s a greater weight above in the denser liquid

41
Q

What is the equation for liquid pressure?

A

Pressure (Pa) = height (m) x gravitational field strength (N/kg) x density of liquid (kg/m^3)

42
Q

What is the equation for weight?

A

Weight = mass x gravitational field strength (10)

Physics (9 decks)

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