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Physics Igcse > P1 > Flashcards

P1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are rulers used to measure?

A

Small distances-centimeters, to the nearest millimeter

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2
Q

How are larger distances measured?

A

Tape measure or trundle wheel

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3
Q

How are volumes of liquids measured?

A

Using measuring cylinders

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4
Q

How is the volume of irregular shapes measured using measuring cylinders?

A

By measuring the change in volume (v=measure before-measure after)

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5
Q

What are the two scales on a micrometer screw gauge called and where are they located? How much can they each measure?

A

Main scale- located on shaft, measures to the nearest O.5 mm
Fractional/thimble scale- rotating barrel, 59 division totaling to O.5 mm

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6
Q

How do you use a micrometer screw gauge?

A

Turn the barrel until the jaws tighten
Use friction clutch to ensure correct pressure
Read main scale to nearest 0.5mm
Read additional fractional scale of a mm
Add together

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7
Q

What is an important factor to consider when measuring time intervals?

A

Human reaction time

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8
Q

How can human reaction speed be combated when measuring intervals?

A

By measuring multiple small intervals as one big one, then dividing the total time by the amount of small intervals

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9
Q

Define speed

A

Speed is the measure of how far an objects move in a given time. (DOES NOT depend on direction)

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10
Q

What is the equation for speed (with distance and time)?

A

Speed=distance/time

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11
Q

Define velocity (and positive and negative velocity)

A

Velocity is the speed and the direction in which an object is moving
Positive-away from starting point
Negative-towards starting point
!think starting point is 0!

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12
Q

What is the equation for acceleration? What is its unit of measurement?

A

Acceleration= change in velocity (final-inital)/time
Acceleration -> m/s^2

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13
Q

What does the gradient of a distance-time graph represent?
What does a curved, straight and no slope mean?

A

Gradient -> speed
Curved slope -> non uniformed speed
Straight slope -> uniform speed
No slope -> stationary

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14
Q

What does the gradient and area of a speed-time graph represent?
What does it mean when the gradient is:
A straight line at the bottom
Straight line
Straight diagonal line
Curved line

A

Gradient -> acceleration
Area -> distance
Straight line at bottom -> at rest
Straight line -> constant speed
Straight diagonal -> constant acceleration
Curved line -> changing acceleration

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15
Q

What does a falling object accelerating imply?

A

A force is acting upon it, pulling it down

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16
Q

What is the unit g? What is the logic behind the unit?

A

Gravitational force per unit mass (10n/kg -> g)
Weight (force of gravity on mass)-> newtons
Earths gravity -> 10N
1kg mass -> 10N

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17
Q

Is acceleration constant near to the earth?

A

Yes
All objects acceleration at the same rate near the earth and in space (10 m/s^2)

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18
Q

What is mass?

A

The amount of matter an object is made of (kg)

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19
Q

What is weight?

A

The gravitational force upon an object
Weight=mass x gravitational force per unit (g)

20
Q

What is a source of gravitational field (the main really big one)?

21
Q

Define density (including low and high density and its implications on its mass)

A

Mass per unit volume of a material
Low density -> typically low mass
High density -> typically high mass

22
Q

What is the equation for density?

A

Density=mass/volume

23
Q

How would you find the density of a regularly shaped solid and a liquid?

A

Soild -> find mass then volume -> use formula
Liquid -> mass of beaker - mass of whole = mass of liquid -> find volume (ml=cm^3) -> use formula

24
Q

How would you find the density of an irregularly shaped solid?

A

Mass using scale -> volume via displacement (water to predetermined level -> record level -> add object -> record new level -> subtract second from first -> use formula

25
How do unbalanced forces affect the acceleration of an object? How does mass affect acceleration?
Unbalanced forces -> accelerates in direction of resultant (basically the bigger) Mass -> more mass, lower acceleration (f=m x a (force always the same))
26
Extension-load graphs - draw and label
1. Extension proportional to force (straight line), object will return to original shape (elastic) 2. Elastic limit (graph begin to curve) 3. Extension not proportional to force, object will not return to original shape (not elastic) 4. Breakage (vertical line)
27
What is hooke’s law?
The extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied, up to the limit of proportionality As more force applied, greater the extension
28
What is the equation for Hooke’s law?
F=Kx F (force in N) is directly proportional to x (extension in m) K (spring constant (stiffness of material), equal to n/m)
29
What is the limit of proportionality for a extension load graph?
Limit of proportionality- where if more force is added, the extended object will not return to its original position when force is removed Inelastically deformed
30
What is elastic limit?
When a material no longer shows elastic properties (doesn’t return to original size when force removed) Material is permanently damaged (material is longer/larger than originally) Material is weaker (above effect cause fractures of atomic bonds)
31
What is friction? What is an example?
A resistive force (slows things down) between two surfaces which impedes motion and always acts in the opposite direction of the object Creates heats and wears down surfaces Ex: air resistance
32
How do you find the resultant force?
Add all forces going in the same direction Take away forces going in opposite direction Remaining force -> resultant force
33
What happens to objects with no resultant force?
They remain at rest or at a constant speed (Newtons first law - objects will stay ay rest or in constant motion until an unbalanced force acts upon it (ex: acceleration))
34
Give an example of rotation as a result of force
From one side of a pivot (fixed point object can rotates around) Turning a bolt using a wrench
35
Define moment (force causing rotation)
The turning effect of a force about a pivot
36
How do you calculate the moment?
M= F x d Size of moment=force x perpendicular distance from pivot (distance from pivot to the end of the object used to rotate) M=Nm (newton meters) F=N (newtons) d=m (meters)
37
What does it mean when a system is in equilibrium?
No resultant force or resultant turning effect If in motion, in constant motion (moving in a straight line or turning) If stationary, stays stationary
38
What is the biggest moment called?
Defining moment
39
What is center of mass?
The point at which the weight of the object acts
40
How can you find the position of the center of mass of planes (2D)?
Uniformed, symmetrical shapes - center of gravity is at point of symmetry Irregular shape Center of gravity always along pivoting point Object is suspended from point 1 (near edge, plumb line) Line drawing directly down Repeat from point 2 and 3 Crossing point is center of mass
41
How does the center of mass relate to stability of an object?
The object is stable when the center of gravity is directly above the base of the object Line of action (line that shows tilt (from point at which it is tiliting)) needs to pass center of mass to lose stability
42
What are some factors that affect the position of the center of mass?
Wider base - lower center of gravity Narrower base - high center of gravity (more likely to fall) Bottom heavy - lower center of gravity Top heavy - higher center of gravity
43
Define pressure
The concentration of a force or force per unit area
44
What is the equation for pressure?
Pressure= force/area Area-always the area where the force is at a right angle
45
Example of pressure
Tractor - big wheels distribues force over a larger area, and reduces the pressure Nail - sharp end concentrates the force over a smaller area, and increases the pressure

Physics Igcse (9 decks)

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