P03 Ecological Design Flashcards
What’s the most important moment in development of a new product?
When demands and specifications are decided for the product that is being planned.
The specification defines the goal for the product development process.
Eco design is the key for what?
Sustainable products which fulfill the environmentally driven demands.
How is the tool called to integrate eco design?
The ten golden Rules compiled by Professor Dr. Conrad Luttropp
What do The Ten Golden Rules provide?
They provide a common foundation, for all in the team, which can be used as a base and guidelines for development of situation specific product-design challenges.
Are the Ten golden rules adaptable?
Yes, they are well adaptable so that the individual companies / organization can develop their versions from the generic guidelines.
What are the ten golden rules?
They are a summary of many of the guidelines that can be found in company guidelines and in handbooks of different origins.
Rule 1
DON’T USE TOXIC SUBSTANCES and arrange closed loops for necessary but toxic ones.
Rule 2
MINIMIZE ENERGY AND RESOURCE CONSUMPTION in production and transport through HOUSEKEEPING
Rule 3
MINIMISE ENERGY AND RESOURCE CONSUMPTION in the usage phase, especially for products with most significant environmental aspects in the usage phase.
Rule 4
PROMOTEREPAIR AND UPGRADING, especially for SYSTEM dependent products.
Rule 5
PROMOTELONG LIFE, especially for products with most significant environmental aspects OUT of usage phase.
Rule 6
USE STRUCTURAL FEATURES and high quality materials to minimize WEIGHT not interfering with necessary flexibility, impact strength or functional priorities.
Rule 7
USE BETTER MATERIALS, surface treatments or structural arrangements to PROTECT products for dirt, corrosion and wear.
Rule 8
ARRANGE IN ADVANCE FOR UPGRADING, REPAIR AND RECYCLING through access ability, labeling, modules, breaking points, manuals
Rule 9
PROMOTE UPGRADING, REPAIR AND RECYCLING by using few, SIMPLE, recycled, not blended materials and no alloys.
Rule 10
USE AS FEW JOINING ELEMENTS AS POSSIBLEand use screws, adhesives, welding, snap fits, geometric locking etc. according to the life cycle scenario.
ADD 1
ADJUST PRODUCT DESIGN to reduce packaging.
ADD 2
USE RECYCLABLE MATERIALS when feasible.
Can the rules directly be used?
Hardly, you need to modifie them e.g. “Don’t use toxic substances …”. could read like
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Identify which are the toxic substances inside your responsibility!
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Try to find a nontoxic substitute available not jeopardizing functionality and economy!
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Consider if closed loops be arranged or are there any established collecting-recycling systems for actual substance!
Which are the classifications on an Restricted Material List?
Banned:
Substances that shall not be present in any products put on the market
Restricted:
Restricted Substances shall not be present in products put on the market but:
-exemptions for geographical regions may exist
-exemptions for specific applications may exist
-they may be present during a planned phase out period
Substances of concern:
listed because they generate concern now or may do so in the future
Is environmental protection important?
Yes after the Maastricht Treaty for the European Union:
There arre many directives of given by the european union which should reduce pollution and use of hazardous substances.
Also recycling is very important.
What is the influence of restricting use of heavy metals?
Colours of signs often contain heavy metals. The colour is very durable. But without the heavy metal inside, the colour is less durable.
What can changes in legal requirement lead to?
Changes in legal requirements can lead to the replacement of components during the serial production process. Therefore, developments in the legislative process should be closely monitored to be timely prepared.
What is the RoHS directive?
Restricts the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment.
RoHS ensures that restrictions on the use of substances in such products are implemented in a harmonized way throughout the EU.
Product categories of RoHS?
There are 10 different categories of Products.
How is the RoHS compliance tested?
With a XRF analyzer.
How to Minimize energy and resource consumption in production and transport?
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Cleaner Production
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Re-use parts and components if they can still guarantee the same quality.
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Optimize and plan procurement and logistics (e.g. no half empty trucks, choose less energy consuming distribution, optimize packaging).
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Reduce use of consumables e.g. spill of oils.
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Sort waste in recycling bins.
What is “Cleaner Production”?
Cleaner Production is the continuous application of an integrated environmental strategy to processes, products, and services to increase overall efficiency,
and reduce risks to humans and the environment.
What does a cleaner production means for Production processes?
conserving raw materials, water and energy; eliminating toxic and dangerous raw materials; reducing the quantity and toxicity of all emissions and wasters at source during the production process.
What does a cleaner production means for Products?
reducing the environmental, health and safety impacts of products through their entire life cycle, from raw materials extraction, throughout manufacturing and use to the “ultimate” disposal of the product.
What does a cleaner production means for Services?
incorporating environmental concerns into designing and delivering services.
Example pneumatic system according to a cleaner production?
Problem: inefficient • Find and fix leaks • Optimize compressor operation • Optimize component sizes • Use proper pressure • Regulate the return stroke • Foresee an “off” switch
How to safe energy consumption during usage phase?
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Select sustainable energy sources e.g. renewable fuels like solar cells and fuel cells.
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Reduce aerodynamic drag.
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Choose electronic components with high efficiency.
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Install stand-by functions where applicable.
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Facilitate energy efficient driving e.g. install energy meters.
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Make use of losses from e.g. traction equipment.
Excample 1: What is meant by make use of losses?
Traction equipment:
Due to high requirements concerning acceleration of trains, a high power density is used. The prduced head can be used to warm the inside of the train.
Excample 2: What is meant by make use of losses?
Flywheel energy storage (FES) works by accelerating a rotor (flywheel) to a very high speed and maintaining the energy in the system as rotational energy. When energy is extracted from the system, the flywheel’s rotational speed is reduced as a consequence of the principle of conservation of energy; adding energy to the system correspondingly results in an increase in the speed of the flywheel.
Excample 3: What is meant by make use of losses?
Only a small fraction of recovered energy is consumed by accelerating trains nearby while most of the energy is lost by dissipation. Wayside energy storage is the technology to recover these losses. Installed at the station the device stores the energy of incoming trains. Only moments later the energy is available to accelerate trains again.
How to promote repair and upgrading, especially for SYSTEM dependent products?
Excample?
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Strive to increase reparability and upgrading if it is economically feasible.
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Make sure that parts that need to be upgraded are easily identified, separated and repaired or replaced e.g. in easily accessible modules.
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Use a modularized design to allow for upgrading.
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Try to incorporate in the module design instructions for replacement or upgrading.
remanufacturing of used vehicle components e.g starter, diesel injection systems, control units
How to promote LONG LIFE, especially for products with most significant environmental aspects OUT of usage phase?
• Create classic industrial design (allows for long life). • Create strong user-product relation to reduce chances of the product being replaced before it reaches its physical lifetime. • Optimize maintenance intervals. • Design for easy refurbishing. • Design for flexibility. • Strive to increase durability for long-life parts and components.
How to minimize weight?
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Minimize quantity of material.
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Use light weight materials. If Aluminum is used, make sure it is recycled. (only use if the weight is not used to fulfil the task e.g. train needs to be heavy)
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Try to find an optimal lightweight solution using for example reinforcements, rails, frames or folds, which is especially important for frequently accelerating vehicles.
Excample for changes with negative effects due to weight reduction?
Mounting the electrical components on top of the train leads to reinforced walls which make the train ways heavier.
Why to use better (strong and resistant) materials, surface treatments or structural arrangements?
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Reduce emissions from wear.
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Choose corrosion-resistant materials to avoid diffuse emissions.
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Isolate parts and components including hazardous substance and chemicals (e.g. oil and lubricants) and protect them from leakage or corrosion.
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Favourmanufacturing processes with no or low emissions to air, water and soil.
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Protect waste water from chemicals and strive for closed systems.
What is important for using a product a long time?
Arrange in advance for upgrading, repair and recycling through access ability, labeling, modules, breaking points, manuals
What is important for after use?
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Promote easy identification of parts that will be recycled, especially parts containing hazardous substances e.g. by labeling or marking.
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Use the product form & markers to facilitate disassembly.
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Mark polymers according to ISO11469.
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Make sure that recycling descriptions are included in maintenance manuals.
Think of recycling
What makes recycling easier?
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Use as few different materials as possible.
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Choose homogenous materials.
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Do not use paint and surface treatments if not absolutely needed.
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Keep polymers “clean” (e.g. avoid painting, gluing and polymers adhesives).
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Select renewable materials.
What’s important for connetction between parts?
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Reduce the number of fasteners and separation points.
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Standardize separation points (i.e. easy to understand where to separate).
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Avoid gluing.
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For reuse of parts and components use structures that allow non-destructive disassembly.
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Use screws, welding, snap fits and geometric locking.
